McCarthyism Weeding out Communist Threats or Saving...

What started with great potential as a revisionist look at the impacts of McCarthy’s red scare on the politics in the United States ended with a rudimentary analysis of the repercussions of a fabricated fear of communism. The article â€Å"McCarthyism: Political Repression and the Fear of Communism† denied overarching themes of the time period and focused on narrow attempts to place economic sanctions, infractions of civil rights, and national security as the reasons and outcomes of the fear of communism. While these themes are all supported with evidence, a neglect of analysis on the bigger picture leave the reader wondering if Ellen Schrecker, author of the article, is still living with the belief that over-critiquing US politics can land you in jail, tainted for life like a bruised apple. Preoccupied with the how’s of cold war repression the overarching why’s are barely brushed over let alone thoroughly discussed. Schreckers use of novice arguments as well as a lack of thorough analysis on points made proves a weak attempt to situate the impacts of political repression and communism in the United States and its actions abroad. Possible reasons for the absence of revised, more critical analysis desired in this research can be located in the biography of the author. Schrecker, born in 1938, is of the generation writing during the Cold War and after. Her research highlights her interest in writing this piece. An active member of ACLU she has also written extensively about

Sanitation Facilities Free Essays

Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. An improved sanitation facility is one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact. Improved sanitation generally involves physically closer facilities, less waiting time, and safer disposal of excreta. We will write a custom essay sample on Sanitation Facilities or any similar topic only for you Order Now Poor sanitation is responsible for one of the heaviest existing disease burdens worldwide. The diseases associated with poor sanitation and unsafe water account for about 10% of the global burden of disease. The most common disease of poor health associated with poor sanitation is a diarrhoeal disease. Globally, about 1. 7 million people die every year from diarrhoeal diseases, and 90% are children under 5 years of age, mostly in developing countries. 88% percent of cases of diarrhoeal diseases worldwide are attributable to unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene. In this essay I will analyse the economic benefits of sanitation, the economic disadvantages, the link between a rise in GDP and the access to sanitation in regions all over the world including Asia, Africa, Europe and North America. I will do this by analysing data set curves which I have obtained from a various amount of sources such as national journals, reports and articles relating to this subject. I will be using data sets from the UNEP and carrying out multiple regressions. Finally I will be looking at the Environmental Kuznets model to see whether it applies to this relationship between economic growth and the access to sanitation. According to 2010 figures, approximately 2 billion people do not use improved sanitation facilities, two-thirds of which live in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. By looking at Figure 1 we can see that it is in the developed regions such as North America and parts of Europe where people have a good access to sanitation, while on the other hand it is the mostly the developing regions such as Asia and sub-Saharan Africa with the poor access to sanitation. This figure already makes the relationship between economic development and access to sanitation vaguely clear. The Asian and African regions would be a good place to have a look at this relationship even more closely; this is because over the past few decades, countries in the Asian regions such as China have undergone a huge advance in economic growth while on the other hand there has been little or non-existent economic growth in the African regions. Asia is the world’s fastest growing economic region. China is the largest economy in Asia and the second largest economy in the world. Moreover, Asia is the site of some of the world’s longest economic booms and by looking at Figure 2 it is evident to see that over the past few decades there has been a dramatic rise in the GDP of Asia but very little in the GDP of Africa. Now by looking at Figure 3 which is a graph showing the level of improved drinking/safe water coverage, improved as in drinking-water sources such as piped water to the house or yard, public taps and rainwater collection. Improved sanitation facilities including flush or pour-flush toilets connected to a piped sewer system. By looking at this we can see that in Asia there has also been a dramatic rise in the access to unpolluted water which is a positive relation to the GDP. I gathered the data which is on Figures 2 and 3 onto excel and carried out a regression analysis for the Asian region to help understand to what extent the strength in the relationship between the dependent variable (GDP) and the independent variable (Sanitation) which is shown on Figure 4. By looking at the R squared we can see that this model has a strong explanatory power as it is very close to 1. According to the coefficient we can also see that every time the GDP increases by $50billion, there is an increase of almost 3. 4 million people with improved access to sanitation. Poor sanitation results in an economic loss as it is linked with the costs of treatment to sanitation related diseases and income which is lost through productivity. Furthermore poor sanitation can also lead to a loss of time and effort as a result of poor facilities, lower quality of products due to poor quality of water and of course a dramatically reduced income coming from tourism as there is a great risk of disease. According to various studies from the WHO (World Health Organisation), there has been evidence that there are huge economic costs which arise from the poor sanitation. At a global level there is a loss of around $40billion per year due to poor sanitation; looking at South Asia alone we can see that in places such as Indonesia, Vietnam and Cambodia there is a loss of around $10billion a year, the key impacts of this came about from poor health and tourism, poor sanitation can affect everyone but especially effects those who are poor (Hutton, 2007). Several studies have also been conducted to estimate the economic costs associated with poor sanitation. In Ghana and Pakistan, for example, the indirect effect on child mortality of environmental risk has added more than 40% to the cost of directly caused child mortality. If one took into account the effect of such malnutrition, they will be able to see the huge impact on impairing school performance and delayed entry into the labour market, the cost would double to around 10% of the GDP. Improvement to sanitation can bring various types of benefits to an economy, one of which are the direct benefits of preventing or avoiding illnesses as there would be no money spent on healthcare treating patients with diseases due to sanitation. There will also be indirect benefits such as a decrease in the amount of work days absent being sick and longer life, and finally and very importantly there will be a lot of time saved. As we have seen already, sanitation is also important when it comes to economic development. In Africa many young women are dying every year as they are the ones which carry the polluted water, they are also then forced to drop out of education during puberty years in order to look after their sick children as a result of the polluted water, this means that women are not able to be educated and they can even find it difficult to join the labour supply. Every 10% raise in female literacy (due to increased attendance at school) a nation’s economy can grow by around 0. 3% (Dollar et al, 1999). According to Hutton (2008) there could be an estimated that annual investments of around $27million in Tanzania and Vietnam would result in benefits of around $70million for the health sector alone. Hutton also estimated that there is a potential to save around $6billion in many parts of Asia if improved sanitation can be introduced. Overall Hutton stated that there are many costs and benefits available however the benefits still do overpower the costs. Moreover, the Disease Control Priorities Project recently found that hygiene promotion to prevent diarrhoea was the most cost-effective health intervention in the world at only $3. 35 per DALY loss averted, with sanitation promotion following closely behind at just $11. 15 per DALY loss averted. This is to say that economic growth and sanitation for sure have a strong relationship within one another; this can be shown on the environmental Kuznets curve. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is a relationship between income and pollution which is hypothesized to have an inverted U-shape. The idea of an inverted U-shaped Kuznets curve stems from the Kuznets’ work in income equality (Kuznets, 1955). The EKC hypothesis states that as income increases pollution goes up initially but after certain time pollution eventually declines. The point at which pollution level is the highest is called a turning point. This then evidently applies to developing countries as they are the ones which have the higher levels of income. Looking at Figure 5 we can see that in Europe up to the year 2000 water pollution was on a rise, however sometime in the year 2000 there was a turning point where the pollution of water started to decline. According to the Kuznets curve, in the year 2000 the economies within Europe produced a certain GDP and a certain GDP per capita which led to the decline of the water pollution. According to Figure 6 in the year 2000 the turning point on the Kuznets curve was at $18000 per capita, this is the level of GDP per capita needed in the European region in order to reverse the trend of water pollution. Looking back at Figure 5 we can also see that in the North American region up till 1998 there was an increase of water pollution however sometime in 1998, just like in Europe, people’s incomes were growing and GDP per capita was on a rise. Looking at Figure 6, according to the EKC, GDP per capita in North America will be at $36000 which is where there will be a turning point. Both the EKC’s for Europe and for North America are shown on Figure 7. This analysis clearly tells us that the relationship between the two is dependable on the economic stages of development. In the other regions around the world there will not be a turning point on the EKC as people do not earn enough to have this effect, good sanitation facilities are the main way in which water pollution can decrease, more developed economies around the world have the funds to invest in good sanitation, however as we have discussed, the less developed countries do not have access to these sanitation facilities therefore their economies are heavily impacted and the funds for the technology needed to provide improved sanitation are hard to come by, therefore these countries are on the upwards slope of the EKC meaning they have not yet achieved the GDP per capita in order to have a turning point. I have aimed to show the various ways in which sanitation is fundamental to good health and also economic development. Given the data I have analysed, I can surely state that the investment in improved sanitation would be beneficial to an economy. Ultimately, I can say that there is a strong relationship in economic growth and access to sanitation and I can also say that the EKC does apply to the water pollution we have in the real world. Finally I can also say that the level of the turning point also depends on the stages of economic development. How to cite Sanitation Facilities, Papers

The Roles of Vertical and Shared Leadership in the Enactment of Executive Corruption Implications for Research and Practice

Advocating for Shared Leadership Summary of the article The authors create a strong impression that shared leadership provides a method of reducing corruption. Shared leadership refers to the organizational structure that allows different individuals to exercise their independence in running their work station without constant influence from the top. It is similar to devolved authority. A system of checks and balances ought to be provided by the board of directors.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Roles of Vertical and Shared Leadership in the Enactment of Executive Corruption: Implications for Research and Practice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In most cases, the board of directors has been weakened by having the CEO as the chairman or top management team members forming an influential part of the board. The authors imply that vertical leadership and leadership concentrated on a single individual are like ly to increase corruption, especially where the leader has a low responsibility disposition. Responsibility disposition refers to the leader’s mindset towards upholding integrity and ensuring ethical behavior. Moreover, the article argues that leaders influence the behavior of the subordinates. The leader’s ethical behavior is likely to influence ethical behavior in the entire organization. Alternatively, his unethical behavior is also influential. In the implications and the conclusion parts, the authors suggest that shared leadership may solve the problem of corruption at the executive level. The findings should be subjected to further research. Key learning points from the article Literature that discussed the potential for corrupt behavior from centralized power existed even before the downfall of major corporations. Leadership corruption may take many forms such as deception, theft, and other counterproductive behaviors. Leaders have a greater role to play in inf luencing ethical behavior among subordinates and its integration in the organizational culture. Leaders with concentrated power and leaders who seek to build their personal image have a strong affinity to authorize corruption. Responsibility disposition refers to the tendency of a leader to feel obliged to do the right thing for the welfare of the majority. Shared leadership or socialized leadership refers to authority that has been distributed to multiple centers. A non-corrupt leader can create a shared leadership by encouraging leadership from below. A corrupt leader may find it necessary to act in a manner that concentrates power and authority around him. He limits the independence of other centers of power and seeks unchecked authority. The board of directors ought to provide an option in creating checks and balances for the top leaders. Leaders should devolve authority. There should be a balance between independence and interdependence. Some individual leaders may have a high responsibility disposition. As a result, they may not engage in corruption even when they vertically centralize the power. Organizations should seek to recruit leaders with a high responsibility disposition through their selection process. Training and development of leadership skills should target the entire workforce instead of focusing on the current leaders only. Further research is needed to enlarge the knowledge available on how to select leaders with a higher responsibility disposition. Further research is needed on the effectiveness of training and development programs on reducing corrupt leadership. Four statements I agree with Pearce, Manz and Sims Jr. state that â€Å"the framing of leadership as a role that is held by a single individual designated as the leader potentially sets into motion the centralization of power that can plant the seeds of corruption† (357). The statement indicates that by assigning one individual to play the role of a leader, the organizat ion increases the chances of that the individual will try to concentrate power around him. It supports the discussion where the single individual seeks to become chairman of the board after becoming the CEO. The individual will also seek to recruit employees who support his methods and aspirations. The concentration of power creates desire for corruption. Lipman-Blumen explains that â€Å"even non-toxic leaders who hang too long commonly go from good to bad† (228). They go from good to bad by trying to focus more power on themselves. They set higher goals and are increasingly inclined to achieve them.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Concentration of power may have a different impact on the political context when the leader seeks to improve the welfare of the majority. Pearce, Manz and Sims Jr. (353) point out that personal gain is a motivator in corrupt leadership. O n the other hand, concentrated power may have positive results, in corrupt contexts, when the leader has concern for the welfare of the majority. Neal and Tansey (34) use Rafik Hariri as an example of an effective corrupt leader. He served as Lebanon’s Prime Minister from 1992 to 2005. He produced great welfare results for his people. On the other hand, he could not avoid engaging in corrupt acts because he operated in a corrupt context. The leader associated himself with religious morality to centralize his power vertically (Neal and Tansey 39). His case indicates that centralized power may be effective if the leader is driven by making better results for all the stakeholders. It is not surprising that Rafik Hariri was blamed for vast accumulation of personal wealth. It is a common feature of centralized power. In addition, the statement indicates that an organization’s authority should not be put in hands of a single leader. There should be multiple centers of power. Every leader holds a significant level and helps the organization to achieve its goal through that level, such as a division or department. When there are many leadership positions in an organization, it reduces the potential of a heroic leader using corrupt means to create personal fame. The reason is that there will be many individuals who will be given credit for the good performance of the organization when authority is devolved. The integrity of the firm will not rely on a single individual. It will depend collectively on all individuals in leadership positions and all the employees. Pearce, Manz and Sims Jr. (357) suggest that corporations should recruit leaders with high responsibility disposition. Lipman-Blumen (230) suggests that organizations will continue to recruit leaders with low responsibility disposition unless they change the selection process. Mayer, Kuenzi and Greenbaum (13) propose that organizations should develop selection tools that recognize integrity and mo ral standards.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Roles of Vertical and Shared Leadership in the Enactment of Executive Corruption: Implications for Research and Practice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organizations that recruit leaders with higher responsibility disposition quality are less vulnerable to corrupt leadership. Such leaders will uphold integrity and ethical behavior in their pursuit for excellence. They believe in achieving high performance using acceptable means and standards. A challenge arises from the fact that existing literature does not provide an approach to select leaders that have a high responsibility disposition. Each organization will be forced to form its own approach. One of the approaches will be to recruit leaders from within the organization based on their moral values. Another approach will be to recruit from other organizations after a long-term scrutiny. Heroic leaders†™ success may be unlikely to last in the long run. It can be used to distinguish a charismatic leader who succeeds in the short run from the revolutionary charismatic leader. Pearce, Manz and Sims Jr. (356) say that narcissistic leaders will have a tendency to centralize power vertically because of their desire to create popularity for themselves. Pearce, Manz and Sims Jr. claim that â€Å"individuals have different propensities to engage in corrupt behavior† (355). The theory supports the approach that organizations should look for individuals who are unlikely to be corrupt, even when they hold positions with vertically centralized power. However, Lipman-Blumen (228) suggests that the desire to cling to power may corrupt the individuals that were once considered moderate. Pearce, Manz, and Sims Jr. (2008, p. 357) support the â€Å"falling dominoes effect†. It is a situation that occurs when the leader’s behavior is imitated by the subordinate employees. Neube rt et al. (157) explain that leaders shape the collective character of an organization and the way it responds to challenges, either corruptly or virtuously. One of the approaches of eliminating unethical behaviors in an organization is through integrating an ethical climate in the organizational culture. The organizational culture cannot be strongly influential if the employees perceive their leaders to proclaim ethics, but act in a different manner. Neubert et al. (157) argue that leaders are responsible for creating an ethical climate in their organizations.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Trevino and Brown explain that â€Å"leaders who engage in unethical behavior will create a context that supports parallel deviance† (72). Employees can learn to avoid corruption by observing the ethical behavior of their leaders. Mayer, Kuenzi and Greenbaum (13) explain that an ethical climate reduces the occurrence of employee misconduct. Pearce, Manz, and Sims Jr. (357) imply that training and development can be used to create an organization that conforms to ethical behavior. Training the entire workforce can be an effective approach to building an organizational culture that does not tolerate corrupt leadership. It can be more effective, especially when firms develop leaders from within the organization. Mayer et al. (13) propose training employees on ethics as a step towards creating an ethical climate. Contrary to the above statement, Deresiewicz (par. 21) discusses that the training system needs an overhaul to produce leaders that can engage in free thinking. He claim s that the current system largely produces individuals who cannot think for themselves. Lipman-Blumen (253) proposes a democracy where workers are no longer passive and obedient followers of a single leader. These individuals should be trained to achieve, by any means possible, the objectives of the organization. They should be trained to carry out the routine without deviations. Deresiewicz (par. 4) suggests that there is a need to separate leadership and other factors, such as excellence, aptitude, and achievement. Lipman-Blumen (257) explains that workers should be trained to avoid the illusion that one person can deliver the organization’s goals during times of crises single-handed. A non-toxic leader will seek to remove the illusion of a heroic leader. Deresiewicz (par. 22) supports a leadership style that allows independence of mind and creative thinking. One should be able to express his ideas freely and support them with facts or the rationale behind them (Deresiewicz par. 27). Critical analysis of the article Title The article has a good title because it captures the information in a few words. It may appear to be a long one, when the additional part â€Å"Implications for research and practice† is included. An individual is able to picture what the paper is about from that title. However, some weakness emerges from the terms used in it. They may need deeper thought before one captures what they imply. Literature review The literature has been progressively formed from definitions into an argument. The authors have built their argument on existing literature. They have provided a definition of corruption, responsibility disposition, shared leadership, vertically centralized leadership, and anticitizenship behavior among others. The reader is able to understand the literature properly based on the explanation of the terms. The authors have used a wide range of literatures. Thy intended to show that literature on the corrupt leadership exi sted even before the downfall of large corporations. They have used multiple resources that were produced in the1990s. Most people would consider the topic to have been motivated by the unethical behavior of leaders in the last decade, however, the authors have also used recent data to show that the increased study of the subject matter, in recent years, is as a result of the increased occurrence of unethical behavior in organizations. The literature review incorporates findings from surveys, which makes the literature review stronger. The authors refer to findings that were presented from three surveys conducted in the U.S. on teamwork and individual performance. The authors examine multiple works that relate the influence of corrupt leaders to the unethical behavior of employees. Methodology The methodology used is a qualitative research study based on secondary resources to support its argument. The argument draws from several findings of previous studies to conclude that shared leadership can be used as a buffer against corrupt leadership. Findings The findings are labeled as P1, P2, and P3. The reader can easily find out the conclusion from every piece of argument. The findings are related, and as a result, they are built progressively from one point to another. For example, empowering leadership may signal shared leadership at the top management. If there is shared leadership, corruption will be reduced. Lastly, shared leadership is linked to moderating responsibility disposition. There are three levels of relationship between the factors. The authors provide what their studies imply for today’s organizations and parts that need to be covered in future research. References The authors have used a combination of recent references and classical references. Recent references are within a period of five years. There are concerns that new findings may make old explanations obsolete, except for classical works. Classical references are studies that are universal because they pioneered in providing evidence for the subject matter. The author has used a few articles published in the 1970s and 1980s to elaborate on the importance of the study. The large number of academic articles used enhances the quality of the study. Journals are considered quality resources. Application of the subject matter to the UAE context The UAE national culture on leadership involves a case of vertically centralized power. Large power distances and wealth inequality have been accepted as a form of cultural heritage (Butler par. 7). The action of individuals is directed by the Muslim faith, which advocates for honesty and high moral standards. A vertically concentrated power creates a desire to engage in corruption. Even good managers are affected by the influence of concentrated power, which makes it necessary to advocate for shared leadership. As a corporate leader in the UAE, I should identify shared leadership as a method of moderating power and the aff inity to engage in corrupt behavior. Another method of reducing the occurrence of corrupt behavior among employees and leaders is to develop an ethical climate. Employees will receive signals and cues from the ethical climate to avoid unethical practices. The process of building an organizational culture that motivates ethical behavior starts with the CEO. It becomes necessary to alter the recruitment process when selecting CEOs. There is a need to adopt selection tools that identify required traits for high responsibility disposition. As for a political leader in the UAE, concentration of power should offer me an opportunity to serve the interests of the majority. It will depend on the individual high responsibility disposition of the leaders, which makes it necessary for a selection tool that recognizes good leaders. Honesty and integrity will be essential as required by the Muslim faith. However, political leaders, such as Rafik Hariri of Lebanon, portrayed himself as an adherent of the Muslim faith to concentrate his power (Neal and Tansey 39). Leaders will need to lead through modeling as Trevino and Brown (72) describe under the social learning and the social exchange titles. Lesson learnt The main lesson learnt is that vertically concentrated center of power creates desire for leaders to engage in corruption. Shared leadership can be used as a moderator in reducing the desire to engage in unethical conduct. The ethical climate of an organization can make employees reduce unethical behavior. It requires the leader to play the role of a model in promoting ethical practices. Organizations need to change their selection tools used in the recruitment process to identify leaders with high responsibility disposition. Most scholars support an organizational culture that allows independent thinking. Works Cited Butler, Patty. United Arab Emirates Business Etiquette Culture. n.d. Web. Deresiewicz, William. Solitude and Leadership. 2009. Web. Lipman-Blumen, Jean. The Allure of Toxic Leaders: Why We Follow Destructive Bosses and Corrupt Politicians – and How We Can Survive, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print. Mayer, David, Maribeth Kuenzi and Rebecca Greenbaum. â€Å"Examining the Link between Ethical Leadership and Employee Misconduct: The Mediating Role of Ethical Climate.† Journal of Business Ethics. 95.1 (2010): 7-16. Web. Neal, Mark, and Richard Tansey. â€Å"The Dynamics of Effective Corrupt Leadership: Lessons from Rafik Hariri’s Political Career in Lebanon.† The Leadership Quarterly 21 (2010): 33-49. Print. Neubert, Mitchell, Dawn Carlson, Michele Kacmar, James Roberts and Lawrence Chonko. â€Å"The Virtuous Influence of Ethical Leadership Behavior: Evidence from the Field.† Journal of Business Ethics. 90.2 (2009): 157-170. Web. Pearce, Craig, Charles Manz, and Henry Sims Jr. â€Å"The Roles of Vertical and Shared Leadership in the Enactment of Executive Corruption: Implications for Research and Practice.† The Leadership Quarterly 19 (2008): 353-359. Print. Trevino, Linda, and Michael Brown. The Role of Leaders in Influencing Unethical Behavior in the Workplace. 2004. Web. This report on The Roles of Vertical and Shared Leadership in the Enactment of Executive Corruption: Implications for Research and Practice was written and submitted by user Cap'nOz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Language acquistion essays

Language acquistion essays Language acquisition is the process of learning a native or a second language. Although how children learn to speak is not perfectly understood, most explanations involve both the observation that children copy what they hear and the inference that human beings have a natural aptitude for understanding grammar. Children usually learn the sounds and vocabulary of their native language through imitation, and grammar is seldom taught to them; that they rapidly acquire the ability to speak grammatically. This supports the theory of Noam Chomsky (1959). that children are able to learn the grammar of a particular language because all intelligible languages are founded on a deep structure of universal grammatical rules that corresponds to an innate capacity of the human brain. Adults learning a second language pass through some of the same stages, as do children learning their native language. In the first part of this paper I will describe the process of language acquisition. The second part will review how infants respond to speech. Language is multifaceted. It contains both verbal and non-verbal aspects that children seem to acquire quickly. Before birth virtually all the neurons (nerve cells) are formed, and they migrate into their proper locations in the brain in the infant. When a baby is born, it can see and hear and smell and respond to touch, but only dimly. The brain stem, a primitive region that controls vital functions like heartbeat and breathing, has completed its wiring. Elsewhere the connections between neurons are wispy and weak. But over the first few months of life, the brain's higher centers explode with new synapses. This helps an infant to be biologically prepared to face the stages of language acquisition. According to the textbook Child Development: A Thematic Approach, 3rd Edition (D. Bukatko & M.W. Daehler, 1996, p. 252) there are four main components to language acquisition. These components are phono...

Rating Minerals on Mohs Scale of Hardness

Rating Minerals on Mohs Scale of Hardness Mohs hardness scale was devised in 1812 by Friedrich Mohs and has been the same ever since, making it the oldest standard scale in geology. It is also perhaps the most useful single test for identifying and  describing minerals.  You use the Mohs hardness scale by testing an unknown mineral against one of the standard minerals. Whichever one scratches the other is harder, and if both scratch each other they are the same hardness. Understanding Mohs Hardness Scale The Mohs scale of hardness uses half-numbers, but nothing more precise for in-between hardnesses. For instance,  dolomite, which scratches calcite but not fluorite, has a Mohs hardness of 3 ½ or 3.5.   Mohs Hardness Mineral Name Chemical Formula 1 Talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 2 Gypsum CaSO4 ·2H2O 3 Calcite CaCO3 4 Fluorite CaF2 5 Apatite Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH) 6 Feldspar KAlSi3O8 – NaAlSi3O8 – CaAl2Si2O8 7 Quartz SiO2 8 Topaz Al2SiO4(F,OH)2 9 Corundum Al2O3 10 Diamond C There are a few handy objects that also help in using this scale. A fingernail is 2 ½, a penny (actually, any current U.S. coin) is just under 3, a knife blade is 5 ½, glass is 5 ½Ã‚  and a good steel file is 6 ½.  Common sandpaper uses artificial corundum and is hardness 9; garnet paper is 7 ½. Many  geologists just use a small kit featuring 9 standard  minerals and some of the above-mentioned objects; with the exception of diamond, all of the minerals on the scale are fairly common and inexpensive.  If you want to avoid the rare chance of a mineral impurity skewing your results (and dont mind spending some extra money), there are sets of hardness picks available specifically for the Mohs scale.   The Mohs scale is an ordinal scale, meaning that it is  not proportional.  In terms of absolute hardness, diamond (Mohs hardness 10) is actually four times harder than corundum (Mohs hardness 9) and six times harder than topaz (Mohs hardness 8).  For a field geologist, the scale works great.  A professional mineralogist or metallurgist, however, might obtain absolute hardness by using a  sclerometer, which microscopically measures the width of a scratch made by a diamond.   Mineral Name Mohs Hardness Absolute Hardness Talc 1 1 Gypsum 2 2 Calcite 3 9 Fluorite 4 21 Apatite 5 48 Feldspar 6 72 Quartz 7 100 Topaz 8 200 Corundum 9 400 Diamond 10 1500 Mohs hardness is just one aspect of identifying minerals. You also need to consider luster, cleavage, crystalline form, color, and rock type to zero in on an exact identification. See this step-by-step guide to mineral identification to learn more. A minerals hardness is a reflection of its molecular structure - the spacing of the various atoms and the strength of the chemical bonds between them. The manufacture of Gorilla Glass used in smartphones, which is nearly hardness 9, is a good example of how this aspect of chemistry is related to hardness. Hardness is also an important consideration in gemstones. Dont rely on the Mohs scale to test rocks; it is strictly for minerals. The hardness of a rock depends on the exact minerals that make it up, particularly the mineral that cements it together. Edited by Brooks Mitchell

Topic will be on a compiler from a list of programming languages Essay

Topic will be on a compiler from a list of programming languages - Essay Example This first Fortran compiler was known as an optimizing compiler, producing assembly code that was similar to hand-coded assembly language programs, but accomplishing the same tasks in less programming statements by a factor of 20. This fact led to the acceptance of the new system of creating code automatically. A Fortran compiler is a program that takes a Fortran program (the source code) and translates it into a lower-level language such as assembly language (the object code), which the computer can execute. This process usually takes three different steps, called passes. They include: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, and code generation, resulting in the binary code of 1‘s and 0‘s that a machine can execute. Currently, other common compiler operations include: preprocessing; parsing; semantic analysis; and code optimization. Which of these operations does a Fortran compiler utilize? The first Fortran compiler was created to work on the IBM 704. The compiler was called a "translator or executive routine". This first Fortran compiler was very simple, since it only had to handle the first, simple version of Fortran. The first Fortran language consisted of only 33 types of possible statements; these included: arithmetic statements and mathematical function statements; input and output statements such as READ and PRINT; the DIMENSION statement for creating matrices; the IF conditional statement; and control statements such as the GO TO and the DO loop statement. The first Fortran compiler (or translator, as then called) consisted of six parts or sections. The first section read in and classified statements, compiling any arithmetic statements. Input-output statements are partially compiled at this stage. Any compiled statements were stored in the COMPAIL file. Any remaining information is stored in tables. The second section compiled indexing statements, such as from the DO statement; these compilations were stored in the COMPDO file. The third

Greek Philosophical Thought Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Greek Philosophical Thought - Research Paper Example During the time of the Babylonian exile, when they defeated the Jews in Jerusalem in 587 B.C., the Jews did not lose faith in their God and strongly believed they would be delivered by God’s emissary on earth, an Anointed Messiah who would restore the Jews to their rightful home in Israel. Not all Jews chose to return to Israel after the Babylonians were conquered by Cyrus the Persian and Babylonia continued to have a vibrant Jewish culture for several centuries. The Persian Empire was overthrown by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C. and gave the Jews greater freedom of movement and they settled in Palestine, Syria, Egypt and Asia Minor. This gave rise to a diluted form of Judaism, especially among the Maccabees in Greek society. However, even the Hellenized Maccabees had their limits on departure from God’s Law and they revolted against the Syrian rulers in 166 B.C.. For the Jews, the ruler Antiochus pushed too hard to change Jewish culture. The revolt continued until 142 B.C. with the Jews ultimately prevailing. The revolt was a ferocious display of Jewish commitment to worship according to their laws and forever colored affairs between Jews and Greeks. During the last century B.C. the Maccabees amassed a far-reaching kingdom of oppressed Gentiles. (Frend 18, 19). The Gentiles were as uncomfortable with Jewish rule as the Jews had been under Antiochus and were easily befriended by the Romans during their expansion into Galilee (Frend 19). During the Maccabean Wars, Rome and Jews had a combined enemy in the Selucides and even treated with the Romans in 161 B.C., thus were early allies (Frend 19, 20). Though t he Jewish state continued to exist after the Roman general Pompey progressed against Jerusalem, their territory was much reduced. With the coming of the Romans, actual authority over the Jewish state was in fact Roman and a collateral of politics in the East (Frend 20). Herod, not much loved by the Jews, was appointed by the Roman Senate to be governor of Galilee and faced fierce opposition by the Jews. He was eventually appointed king of Jewish Judea and Samaria and operated as a client ruler under Roman authority (Frend 21). 3. The Herodian Jews were largely present in Jerusalem and other major centers. They tended to be wealthier and more Hellenized than their neighbors and had been described as â€Å"godless jews† in earlier times (Frend 22). Though they had only vague influence on Christian development, the Greek element was quite pronounced during Jesus’ time. The Sadducees were also wealthier Jews but embodied a strong patriotism of the Jewish state. The priestl y class was drawn from the Sadducees and they were strict observers of the Law of the Torah (Frend 23). So strict was their belief that they resented Herod’s rule and believed themselves to be accountable for maintaining Jewish law, even at the expense of other Jews. According to Frend at 23, â€Å"Rebellion could not be tolerated and messianic enthusiasm was dangerous aberration.† The scribes and Pharisees were viewed as the keepers and interpreters of Jewish Law, embodied in the Torah (Frend 13). They represented the populous in leadership of the Palestinian Jews. It