Violence and Conflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and...

Violence and Conflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† is a large tragic play, which is about two feuding families the Montagues and the Capulets of Verona. Although it is a play about love, there are many scenes that contain violence and conflict. The play opens with a conflict between the Capulet and Montague households who become involved in arguments in a public place in Verona, they lose their tempers and swords are drawn. The play ends with two innocent people dieing to do with the two feuding families. The violence in the play happens because of an ancient feud between the Montagues and the Capulets, which leads to the tragic deaths of Romeo and Juliet. The†¦show more content†¦An audience in the 16th Century would have liked â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† because although work had to be done, leisure was an important part of the lives of the English people during Elizabethan times. In the 16th Century there was perfect cultural achievement, particularly in the area of music and drama. People would have liked this play because it contains scenes of an adult nature and violence, it is classed as a play for young and old, there is lots of excellent music in which people could have a dance and sing along with, also Shakespeare’s plays have several themes in them. I am going to analyse Act 1 Scene 1 which is the opening fight scene. It is a very violent start, even the language. The scene takes place in Verona. Samson and Gregory are from the Capulet household and Abraham and Benvolio are from the Montagues, they are servants for each of the households. The fight starts â€Å"Nay as they dare. I will bite my thumb at them, which is disgrace to them if they bear it†. The audience would realise this was an insult which shows violence is evident from the start. Tybalt tries to start a fight by saying â€Å"talk of peace? I hate the word, as I hate hell, all Montague’s, and thee. Have at thee cowards†. Lord Capulet and Lord Montague are also involved in this scene. They dislike each other because they are the leadersShow MoreRelatedViolence and Conflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet856 Words   |  4 PagesViolence and Conflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet, a story set in Verona Italy, tells the story of â€Å"two star crossed lovers† from two feuding families, the Capulets and Montagues. There is much violence and conflict in the play and this in the main, stems from the feud. The plays themes are punishment, revenge, supernatural fate, lies, deceit, and conflict. After a while, Romeo and Juliet secretly marry behind their parents backs, perhaps Read MoreViolence and Conflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1298 Words   |  6 PagesViolence and Conflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet It is the violence and conflict that make this play exciting and thrilling. You would think that Romeo and Juliets main theme would be that of love. However, violence and conflict also became one of the main themes in this play. There were all kinds of examples of different types of disorder and conflict, brawls and fights between the two houses, the Montagues and Capulets, the violence of angry passionRead MoreThe Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet: Who Is to Blame for Their Deaths?1460 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare, a world-renowned playwright, poet, and actor, has been known for centuries all around the world for his great variety of brilliant, poetic, and creative plays written during the Elizabethan Era. Shakespeare’s plays have the reputation of being among the greatest in the English language and Western literature, traditionally divided into the genres of tragedy, history, and comedy, and comprising of various imaginative settings, plots, characters, and conflicts. They have been translatedRead MorePetrol Station Scene Analysis844 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Petrol Station scene, William Shakespeare’s important theme of violence is amplified and discussed through Baz Luhrmann’s filmic interpretation. The theme of conflict between the Montagues and the Capulets is a constant and crucial idea throughout the play. Baz Luhrmann has highlight ed the traditional Shakespearean language by modifying the setting to a modern context, therefore the audience is able to relate to the text. Furthermore, the setting choice of a petrol station provides the filmRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Film Analysis884 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare, is the most famous playwright of the English language as he successfully conveys many universal themes, in his 16th century tragedy, Romeo and Juliet, appealing to the audience during the time which it was produced. Hence it raises the question of how effective would Baz Luhrmanns 1996 film be as appealing to a 20th century audience? Luhrmann’s form of displaying the original play as a film, is a significant modern appropriation, as the audience can physically see the play unfoldingRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Use of Dramatic Devices in Act 3 Scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet695 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Use of Dramatic Devices in Act 3 Scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet were written around 1595, by William Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet is a tragic play. The play is basically a love and violence play but it’s hard to bring them both together because they both have a tragic outcome. The play is all about two families (Montagues and Capulets) that have a feud but their children fell in love with each other (Romeo and Juliet). Juliet’sRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1378 Words   |  6 Pagesthe late 14th century, William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet has copious imagery, displaying the relationship between cruelty and affection in the play. Multiple times, Romeo and Juliet’s seemingly incorruptible love for each other is conflicted by violent acts occurring around them. In their dialogue, saturated with light and dark imagery, brutality is shown dominating Romeo and Juliet’s relationship. The sensory images provide a very sharp contrast in the play. Shakespeare’s use of light and darkRead MoreViolence and Conflict in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare765 Words   |  4 PagesViolence and Conflict in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet is a tragic play written by William Shakespeare. This play is about star crossed lovers who are from two different warring families, the Capulets and the Montagues. Romeo, the leading male of the play is of the Montague family and his destined lover Juliet is of the Capulets. In this essay I am discussing the violence and conflict Read MoreRomeo and Juliet Analytical Essay968 Words   |  4 PagesA Taste of Shakespeare - Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare is widely known for all of his literary works; one of his most famous love tragedies being Romeo and Juliet. A Shakespearean definition of tragedy exemplifies the sense that human beings are inevitably doomed through their own failures or errors, the ironic action of their virtues, or even through the nature of fate and destiny (Sayour, Susan, 2007). Romeo and Juliet is a tragic tale based on two young star-crossed lovers whose deathsRead MoreRomeo And Juliet by William Shakespeare967 Words   |  4 PagesRomeo And Juliet by William Shakespeare In Romeo and Juliet the beauty and ardour of young love is seen by Shakespeare as the irradiating glory of sunlight and starlight in a dark work. Discuss the techniques that Shakespeare would have used to capture this dominating image of light. In the time of Shakespeare, his plays would have been performed during the day, using natural light from the open centre of the theatre. Since there could be no dramatic lighting and Violence and Conflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and... Violence and Conflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet It is the violence and conflict that make this play exciting and thrilling. You would think that Romeo and Juliets main theme would be that of love. However, violence and conflict also became one of the main themes in this play. There were all kinds of examples of different types of disorder and conflict, brawls and fights between the two houses, the Montagues and Capulets, the violence of angry passion and the unnaturalness of love. At every turn the two lovers were faced with some kind of violence. The violence and conflict seems to carry the theme of love between Romeo and Juliet to its tragic end. The images of darkness portray†¦show more content†¦His words and actions showed ferocity and deep hatred. He was even determined to start a argument with Romeo at his own uncles party. (Act 1 Scene 5 Line 75-76) It fits when such a villain is a guest, Ill not endure him. Tybalt had so much hatred inside of him towards the Montague family, that he did not care where he started any kind of violent behaviour. Shakespeare put Tybalt in a scene where he would be placed with aggression and never in a scene related to love. The Capulets and Montagues were unable to walk past one another without causing a brawl in the street. It was pathetic that violence was caused in Verona because of their war. This made Verona an unsafe place to live in. so the violence not only affected the two families but it also affected to civilians of Verona. They would not only draw their swords anytime that they saw each other but they would mock each other as well. (Act 1 Scene 1 Line 39 - 42) I will frown as I pass byà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I will bite my thumb which is disgrace. To bite your thumb at someone is an ancient Italian insult; it was rude and extremely offensive to do that to someone. As the violence and conflict caused mayhem and chaos in Verona a warning was given to the houses by the Prince. In this day and age we have groups such as the mafia and gangs that make the environmentShow MoreRelatedViolence and Conflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1647 Words   |  7 PagesViolence and Conflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† is a large tragic play, which is about two feuding families the Montagues and the Capulets of Verona. Although it is a play about love, there are many scenes that contain violence and conflict. The play opens with a conflict between the Capulet and Montague households who become involved in arguments in a public place in Verona, they lose their tempers and swords are drawn. The play ends Read MoreViolence and Conflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet856 Words   |  4 PagesViolence and Conflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet, a story set in Verona Italy, tells the story of â€Å"two star crossed lovers† from two feuding families, the Capulets and Montagues. There is much violence and conflict in the play and this in the main, stems from the feud. The plays themes are punishment, revenge, supernatural fate, lies, deceit, and conflict. After a while, Romeo and Juliet secretly marry behind their parents backs, perhaps Read MoreThe Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet: Who Is to Blame for Their Deaths?1460 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare, a world-renowned playwright, poet, and actor, has been known for centuries all around the world for his great variety of brilliant, poetic, and creative plays written during the Elizabethan Era. Shakespeare’s plays have the reputation of being among the greatest in the English language and Western literature, traditionally divided into the genres of tragedy, history, and comedy, and comprising of various imaginative settings, plots, characters, and conflicts. They have been translatedRead MorePetrol Station Scene Analysis844 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Petrol Station scene, William Shakespeare’s important theme of violence is amplified and discussed through Baz Luhrmann’s filmic interpretation. The theme of conflict between the Montagues and the Capulets is a constant and crucial idea throughout the play. Baz Luhrmann has highlighted the traditional Shakespearean language by modifying the setting to a modern context, therefore the audience is able to relate to the text. Furthermore, the setting choice of a petrol station provides the filmRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Film Analysis884 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare, is the most famous playwright of the English language as he successfully conveys many universal themes, in his 16th century tragedy, Romeo and Juliet, appealing to the audience during the time which it was produced. Hence it raises the question of how effective would Baz Luhrmanns 1996 film be as appealing to a 20th century audience? Luhrmann’s form of displaying the original play as a film, is a significant modern appropriation, as the audience can physically see the play unfoldingRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Use of Dramatic Devices in Act 3 Scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet695 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Use of D ramatic Devices in Act 3 Scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet were written around 1595, by William Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet is a tragic play. The play is basically a love and violence play but it’s hard to bring them both together because they both have a tragic outcome. The play is all about two families (Montagues and Capulets) that have a feud but their children fell in love with each other (Romeo and Juliet). Juliet’sRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1378 Words   |  6 Pagesthe late 14th century, William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet has copious imagery, displaying the relationship between cruelty and affection in the play. Multiple times, Romeo and Juliet’s seemingly incorruptible love for each other is conflicted by violent acts occurring around them. In their dialogue, saturated with light and dark imagery, brutality is shown dominating Romeo and Juliet’s relationship. The sensory images provide a very sharp contrast in the play. Shakespeare’s use of light and darkRead MoreViolence and Conflict in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare765 Words   |  4 PagesViolence and Conflict in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet is a tragic play written by William Shakespeare. This play is about star crossed lovers who are from two different warring families, the Capulets and the Montagues. Romeo, the leading male of the play is of the Montague family and his destined lover Juliet is of the Capulets. In this essay I am discussing the violence and conflict Read MoreRomeo and Juliet Analytical Essay968 Words   |  4 PagesA Taste of Shakespeare - Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare is widely known for all of his literary works; one of his most famous love tragedies being Romeo and Juliet. A Shakespearean definition of tragedy exemplifies the sense that human beings are inevitably doomed through their own failures or errors, the ironic action of their virtues, or even through the nature of fate and destiny (Sayour, Susan, 2007). Romeo and Juliet is a tragic tale based on two young star-crossed lovers whose deathsRead MoreRomeo And Juliet by William Shakespeare967 Words   |  4 PagesRomeo And Juliet by William Shakespeare In Romeo and Juliet the beauty and ardour of young love is seen by Shakespeare as the irradiating glory of sunlight and starlight in a dark work. Discuss the techniques that Shakespeare would have used to capture this dominating image of light. In the time of Shakespeare, his plays would have been performed during the day, using natural light from the open centre of the theatre. Since there could be no dramatic lighting and

As/Ad Model - 1332 Words

Macroeconomics – Chapter 10: The Aggregate Demand/Aggregate Supply Model * Keynesian Economics – Economists who focused on the short run * John Maynard Keynes - their leading advocate * the originator of macroeconomics as a separate discipline from micro * Classical Economists – economists who focused on long-run issues such as growth * Aggregate Demand Management – government’s attempt to control the aggregate level of spending in the economy * Equilibrium Income – the level of income toward which the economy gravitates in the short run because of the cumulative cycles of declining or increasing production * Potential Income – the level of income that the economy is technically capable of producing†¦show more content†¦238 * When consumption expenditures increase, the AD curve shifts to the right, when consumption expenditures decrease, the AD curve shifts to the left * Explain the shape of the short-run aggregate supply curve and what factors shift the curve – p.239 * Short-run Aggregate Supply (SAS) curve – a curve that specifies how a shift in the aggregate demand curve affects the price level and real output in the short run, other things constant * The curve is upward-sloping which means that other things constant, an increase in output is accompanied by an rise in price level * When aggregate demand increases, the price level rises * Two reasons that the SAS curve slopes upward, other things constant: * Upward-sloping curves in auction markets * Firms’ tendency to increase their markup when demand increases * TheShow MoreRelatedThe As And Ad Model Essay972 Words   |  4 PagesThe AS and AD Model Aggregate Supply (AS): The total of goods and services produced in an economy at a given price level (P), and period of time . The AS relation P=P^e (1+ÃŽ ¼)F (1-Y/AL,Z), explains the effects of output on price level. A higher output results in an increase in price level hence the upward slope of the AS Curve2. Aggregate Demand (AD): The total of goods and services demanded in an economy at a given price level and period of time1. The AD relation Y=Y(M/P,G,T), captures the effectRead MoreAdvertising Of The Ad Agency Model912 Words   |  4 Pagesindustry is dying a slow and painful death. The overall health of the ad business is a hotly debated topic in trade journals and industry conferences. I confess I believe that the ad agency model is archaic and in desperate need of an overhaul, but the actual act of advertising is here to stay. Brands will always need ways to communicate compelling messages to their target audiences, and consumers will always accept a certain amount of ad i nterruption if it means they can get free, or lower cost, accessRead More The AD/AS Model to Explain the Economy of China Essay example554 Words   |  3 PagesUsing the AD/AS model, we can account for China’s economy to have stable prices by having corresponding growth in output and technology or in other words, corresponding shifts in AD curve and the LRAS curve. Since China has a floating exchange rate, the appropriate macroeconomic policy would be a monetary policy. Typical monetary policies use monetary factors like changing interest rates or money supply to change consumer spending. For example to influence spending governments would increase theRead MoreThe Scene Of A Fur Coat Catwalk Show953 Words   |  4 PagesThe ad starts off with a short drumroll with lively and catchy background music, indicating an upcoming important event, which is a fur coat catwalk show. Beautiful women start modelling on the catwalk on by one. The scene shows audience and models alternati vely. Once the first model starts to walk, cameras of the reporters have not stopped flashing. Audience whistle and applaud as models walk in front of them, who are showing off the fur coat on their bodies seductively. The scene transfers toRead MorePrint Ad : The Sauer M11 A1 Handgun1062 Words   |  5 PagesPrint Ad: Sig Sauer M11-A1 â€Å"His other weapon is an F/A-18,† states the Sig Sauer print ad for the M11-A1 handgun. This ad is prominently displayed in one of the National Rifle Association’s (NRA) publications and specifically targets the gun enthusiasts who read NRA. Besides the prominent statement quoted above, the ad uses what some may call â€Å"tactical coloring† and a military setting to create an atmosphere that connects the product to support of our military and a daring attitude. The model furtherRead MoreThe Use Of Relativism And Its Effects On The Advertising1465 Words   |  6 Pagesrelate to the models in the advertisement based on past and current experiences. Advertisers need to make sure the ad is not only making consumers relate to their ad but it also makes the consumers want to be the people within the ad. I found two vehicle ads who used relativism techniques to connect to the consumers yet connected to the consumer with different views on relativism. The two ads I found were discovered in Sports Illustrated issues July 2014 and June 2014. While both vehicle ads use similarRead MoreRhetorical Strategies for Distinct Image Ads in Same Product1643 Words   |  7 PagesRhetorical Strategies for Distinct Image Ads in Same product Advertisement is a form of communication intended to persuade consumers to purchase or to accept the ideas, products or services. Advertising persuasion strategy not only has logic, but also has a unique artistry that advertisers use to find many effective persuasions for various kinds of target markets. Different ways to persuade customers for the same product could have distinct effects by analyzing targets, appeal methods, and anglesRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Maybelline s Ad931 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst fashion ad I selected is from the Cosmopolitan June 2015 magazine. Maybelline is advertising their lipstick in different shades of pink. This ad covers two full magazine pages, displaying a model on one page and the product on the other. 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I picked these two ads because I feel they do a great deal of drawing their consumers in. Mascara is a must have in the make-up world. Most women wear mascara to make their eye â€Å"pop.† Consumers will automatically look at these two ads because of the brand names and how people classify make- up. By knowing that a lot of consumers look at these ads they have to make the ads interesting. Not only will I be comparing and contrasting these two ads but by doing that I will

Different sides of Clive Linley Free Essays

Which in this case makes him cold hearted and selfish human being who clearly does not have his priorities straight. This came as a big surprise to me after I had read how good of a friend he was. The book is mostly about two men who have been brought together again after their close friend dies. We will write a custom essay sample on Different sides of Clive Linley or any similar topic only for you Order Now The way how Clive treats his friend differences a lot from how he reacted in the situation mentioned before. In fact he is there for his friend in every situation no matter how difficult it might be. â€Å"When Vernon was laid up with a rare viral infection of the spine, Clive visited almost every day, bringing books, music, videos and champagne†(Mclean 1998:43). This is one of many examples what Clive had done for his friend, without asking anything in return. It shows that he still cares and knows how to treat people but maybe Just close ones. On the other hand, he was still palpable of arranging his best friend’s death and the other way around. The thing is, this part of the book came as a shock. He arranged the death of his best friend. That alone says something about him. He could be a self-centered and egotistic man. After having disagreed on a subject with Vernon and Vernon not taking his advice maybe he Just could not have let it go. Or he thought he was being a good friend and ending one’s life because that was what he thought the one had wanted. In that case it would make him in some eyes loyal and committed. Clive had asked his friend to end his life if he would start to lose It. Yes, on one condition only: that you’d do the same for me. V. â€Å"(Mclean 1998:57) Maybe In Clime’s eyes he was already losing It and he did what had to be done. In the end I think the book Is purposely ended with a mystery. It leaves a lot of questions about the characters as well. As to Clive Lintel- he Is a genius who does not let anything get In the way of his Inspirations, a person who knows how to treat his loved ones and a man who Is capable of doing terrible things either out of fury or to keep his word. Mclean, Ian. (1998). Amsterdam. Great Britain. Jonathan Cape How to cite Different sides of Clive Linley, Papers

Strategic Finance Issues of Qantas Airways Limited (QAN)

Question: 1. An analysis of the information contained in the latest Annual Report and Financial Statements of the company, commenting on the strengths and weaknesses of the company over two years by applying ratio analysis in the categories listed above; 2. Suggestions or recommendations for improving the business, based on the analysis; 3. Full referencing of your sources of information, which may include any external sources such as the financial press, commentators and the internet that you may have used to strengthen your analysis. Answer: Introduction Financial statement helps to provide a clear and precise idea about the company financial position in the market. The report helps to throw light on the financial aspect of the company with the help of the ratio analysis which are calculate don he basis of the financial statement produced at the end of the each fiscal year of the company (Erickson, 1989). The company Qantas airways limited is considered to be one of the most leading airline service providers in Australia. Financial health of the company is determine by the profitability, efficiency, solvency ( short term and long term) and other key aspect such a market based ratio of the company which are analyse thoroughly over the period of two year. The paper helps to provide an in depth analysis of the company financial health of the Australian airlines services, Qantas Airways Ltd. With the help of the critical analysis of the financial statement of the company from 2012 and 2013 help to provide a clear a idea about the research study (Fridson Alvarez, 2002). Established in the year 1920, Queensland and Northern territory Air Services (QANTAS), from a domestic airline service provider the company grows rapidly and become one of the most global airline services across the world providing more than 150 destinations in more than 50 countries. Financial Analysis of Qantas Airways Ltd (2012 2013) Financial statement consist of the three key element which are balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement which help to provide key business activities which are carried by the company over the given fiscal year which help to provide the financial prison of the company in the market (Gibson Frishkoff, 1979). Balance sheet helps to provide a clear and precise idea about the company financial aspect which consists of the asset and liabilities of the company which eventfully help the user to determine the financial stability of the company regarding the utilisation of the company resource (Golbe Schachter, 1985). Income statement help to provide a clear idea on the revenue generated by the company over the given fiscal year which eventually help the company to determine the net profit or loss the company suffered during the given year which help to provide as platform to forecast or predict the company future profit figure with proper strategic procedure (Hacioglu Dincer , n.d.). Cash flow statement of the company help to [provide a clear and precise idea about the company three basic activities which involves financing activities, operating activities and investing activities. Financial statement provide the platform for the ratio calculation such as from balance sheet company provide a clear idea on the several business risk with the help of the current ratio, quick ratio, debt ratio, financial leverage and short term and long term debt. Income statement helps to throw light on the company profitability aspect (Helfert, 1987). The financial analyses on the basis of their financial statement are as follows, Profitability ratio The profitability aspect of the Qantas has been analysed and determined with the help of the net profit margin (Hickman, Lester Hickman, 1996). Tax rate, asset turnover, return on asset, financial leverage, return on equity, return on invested capital and interest coverage. From the analysis of the profitability ratio of the company it is evident that the company net margin of profit increase as in the year 2012 the net profit margin of the company was negative which increased in the year 2013 to 0.03. Profitability ratio of the company help to identify and reveal the company current state of generating profit, it is significant to analyse and determine the current potential fro investment of a company as it is directly related to the increased earnings per share (Horrigan, 1967). It is considered to be one of the most critical and vital criteria for QAN investor to take effective decision. Asset turnover ratio of the company remains stable on the consecutive two year 2012 and 2013. The asset turnover ratio implies that the company is effectively managing its resource higher the value of the asset turnover ratio is favourable. Return on asset also helps to throw light on the profitability aspect of the company (Langsen, 1988). Higher value of ROA is considered to be favourable which signifies that the company is making money with the investment on the asset, however from the financial data it is evident that the company Qantas was making loss in the year 2012 on the investment which is increase in the year 2013. Return on equity is considered to be primary factor of the profitability of the company. Higher value of the ROE is considered to be one of the most crucial and significant as it indicates that the firm is able to generate income from the new investment. Return on equity seems to be improving for the Qantas Airways ltd as the company in the year 2012 was making huge loss from the investment as the figure are in negative while the company in the year 20 13 making money from the investment which is evident from the ratio analysis of the company. From the profitability ratio analysis it is evident that the company is making profit in the year 2013 when compared with the year 2012 (Lien Shrestha, 2010). Efficiency Ratio Efficiency ratio help to provide a clear and precise idea about the company overall capability manage its resource which eventually help the company to earn profit for the given fiscal year. Efficiency ratio is determined and analysed with the help of the days sale outstanding, days inventory, payable period , receivable turnover, inventory turnover, fixed asset turnover and asset turnover ratio which help to provide clear and precise idea about the perfect utilization of resource of the company (Miller, 1972). Days sales outstanding is considered to be one of the most basic measure of the efficiency of the company, as it is evident that it is easy to convert the sales into cash easily. Therefore it is recommended that the lower value of sales outstanding is recommended for the organization whereas the higher value of the sales outstanding is unfavourable for the organization. The days sale outstanding for the company is increasing which is not favourable of the company as it signifi es that the company is inefficient in credit sales collection. Inventory days value must be lower which helps to provide the business to decrease the level of investment in the inventory. The inventory days of the company must be lower, it is evident from the analysis of the Qantas company it is lower which is favourable for the company (Myer, 1969). Payable period is considered to be one of the most significant measures which help to provide a clear idea on the company short term liquidity aspect. Higher value of the payable period indicates that the company is making their dues cleared to their supplier quickly. Qantas payable period indicate higher value of the payable period which signifies that the company is clearing the due related to their supplier quickly. Account receivable helps to provide a clear and precise idea on the efficiency of the business in collecting and generating the credit sales. The receivable turnover ratio of the company Qantas is decreasing which indicate that the company is not able to collect its credit properly wh ich result in the poor credit sales generation from the company end (Oxenbridge, Wallace, White, Tiernan Lansbury, 2010). Fixed asset turnover is also considered to be one of the significant measure which helps to provide a clear and precise idea on the company efficiency ratio. Fixed asset turnover helps the company to determine whether the fixed asset is generating revenue or not. From the figure of the fixed asset turnover of the company Qantas it is evident that the fixed asset is generating revenue for the company as the fixed asset turnover increase over the year. Solvency Solvency of the company is related with the debt and liabilities that the company have incurred during the given fiscally year and ability to meet its short term obligation and long term obligation which eventually helps to determine and identify whether the company is susceptible to solvency risk. Short-term solvency Short term solvency includes several key aspects which are current ratio, quick ratio, long term debt and other long term liabilities. Current ratio helps to provide a clear and precise idea about company ability to meet its current obligation. Current ratio of the Qantas airways is increasing which indicate that the company current liabilities exceed the current asset. The company which have current ratio below 1 indicates that the company is not able to meet its current obligation as the value of the current ratio for the Qantas Company is less than one. Similarly quick ratio is also considered to be one of the significant measures of the short term solvency which help to determine the ability of the company to meets its short term obligation (Palmer, 1983). Quick ratio helps to determine the liquidity aspect of the business as it provide a clear and precise idea about the ability of the firm to pay all of its debt with the help of the available liquid asset. Quick ratio of the Qan tas airways is below one which indicates that the company is not able to repay all its debt with the help of available liquid asset. Quick ratio of the company should be above one which indicates that the company have sufficient liquid asset to repay its debt. The other key aspect of the short tem solvency is short term debt and short term liabilities which indicate that the Qantas Company have consistent short term debt which provide a clear picture that the company debt remains constant for two consecutive years which is a negative indication for the company liquidity aspect (Pettit, 2007). Long term solvency Long term solvency of the company is considered to be one of the significant measures to determine the ability of the company regarding the solvency risk related to its business operation. Long term debt, long term liabilities, financial leverage and debt/equity are considered to be one of most important element to determine the long term debt of the company (Robinson, 2009). Lower the value of the long term debt is considered to be favourable for the company which indicate that they are less susceptible to the risk of solvency. Lower value are favourable where as higher value of the long term solvency are not favourable as the business primarily depend on the external lenders thus it increase the risk related to the overall business operation which is more susceptible to solvency risk specifically at higher interest rate. A debt/ equity ratio is the percentage of the asset of the business finance by debt and by shareholders. Financial leverage is also determined as the trading on equity where there is a utilization of debt to acquire the new asset. Financial leverage of the company is decreasing which is not favourable as the chance to utilise the debt is less if the leverage decreases. Therefore the company should focus to increase the financial leverage which helps the company to utilise the debt to purchase new asset which will help to decrease the risk related to long term solvency of the company. Leverage is also referred as gearing, leverage is considered to be one of the most key measurements for a firm to determine the long term financial solvency. It is considered to be one of the most important measures to assess the risk related to the company which is finance by external sources (RIEDL SRINIVASAN, 2010). In the year 2013 QAN laid down a key strategy which decreases the debt to octal asset ratio indicating that the company QAN is less dependent on their creditors and they can clear the due to their customer and stakeholder without any financial burden. Market based ratios Market based ratio 2013 Services industry (Industrials sector) P/E ratio 12.4 14.6% Dividend yield 0 Price earnings ratio is considered to be one of the most critical and significant measure o evaluate how much the market current value for $1 of profit a company earn for the given share which eventually help to indicate that the expectation for a company growth which will be analysed in the given report to provide a clear and precise idea about the company market based ratios (Steffy, Zearley Strunk, 1974). With the help of the industrial sector analysis the company can utilised the rate of the proper service sector as a standard or a benchmark. With the help of the industrial sector analysis with the QAN P/E makes it clear that the QAN shares are undervalued relative to the overall industry average. The indicator with the help of comparison lead to a proper measure which provide that the investor have less expectation regarding the QAN growth and thus greater loss since the 2012 fiscal year (Wild, Bernstein Subramanyam, 2001). QAN Major airlines industry 2013 Dividend yield 0.00% 27% Dividend yield provide a clear measure that eh return the shareholder receive for each share in each period. The average repayment rate distributed by the airline industry is 27% for the year 2013 however the Qantas airline are only pay 0%. Conclusion and Recommendation From the analysis of the financial statement which eventually helps to calculate financial ratio force the flying kangaroo to focus for a increased market share primarily in the competitive environment. The analysis helps to provide clear and precise idea on the weakness and strength of QAN, along with external threats and opportunities (Velez-Pareja Davila, n.d.). Weakness and threats Decreased ROA and ROE leads to a decreased net profit margin which eventually lead to the poor profitability factors. Slow debtor and asset turnover signifies that the business operation is low. Low value of current and quick ratio signifies liquidity and solvency risk. P/E and dividend is less than the industry average signifies that QAN market based performance consists of share prices. Strength and Opportunities Relatively low and satisfactorily debt to total asset ratio. Enhanced strategic policy with proper and accurate direction to overcome the challenges in the international market. With the help of the SWOT analysis it is evident that the company Qantas is struggling to overcome the issue related to the business operation. QAN has been continuously lagging behind which is clearly indicated in the overall efficient and profitability two primary indicator of long term adversity. Proper strategy should be implement which help to improve the profitability and efficiency of the company which eventually help the company to incur more revenue for the given fiscal year. References Erickson, K. (1989).The balance sheet. Washington, DC. Fridson, M., Alvarez, F. (2002).Financial statement analysis. New York: John Wiley Sons. Gibson, C., Frishkoff, P. (1979).Financial statement analysis. Boston: CBI Pub. Co. Golbe, D., Schachter, B. (1985). The Net Present Value Rule and an Algorithm for Maintaining a Constant Debt-Equity Ratio.Financial Management,14(2), 53. doi:10.2307/3665157 Hacioglu, U., Dincer, H.Managerial issues in finance and banking. Helfert, E. (1987).Techniques of financial analysis. Homewood, Ill.: Irwin. Hickman, J., Lester, E., Hickman, J. (1996).Financial ratio analyst. New York: Warren, Gorham Lamont. Horrigan, J. (1967).An evaluation of financial ratio analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago. Horrigan, J. (1978).Financial ratio analysis. New York: Arno Press. Langsen, A. (1988). Dividend Payout Policy Related to Tobin's Q-Ratio.Financial Management,17(4), 11. doi:10.2307/3665761 Lien, D., Luo, X. (1993). A Note on the Relationship between Exchange Exposure and Hedge Ratio.Financial Management,22(1), 20. doi:10.2307/3665961 Lien, D., Shrestha, K. (2010). Estimating optimal hedge ratio: a multivariate skew-normal distribution approach.Applied Financial Economics,20(8), 627-636. doi:10.1080/09603100903459907 Miller, D. (1972).The meaningful interpretation of financial statements. [New York]: American Management Association. Myer, J. (1969).Financial statement analysis. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Oxenbridge, S., Wallace, J., White, L., Tiernan, S., Lansbury, R. (2010). A comparative analysis of restructuring employment relationships in Qantas and Aer Lingus: different routes, similar destinations.The International Journal Of Human Resource Management,21(2), 180-196. doi:10.1080/09585190903509472 Palmer, J. (1983).Financial ratio analysis. New York, N.Y.: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. Pettit, J. (2007).Strategic corporate finance. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Pyke, E. (1930).The balance sheet. [Australia: s.n.]. RIEDL, E., SRINIVASAN, S. (2010). Signaling Firm Performance Through Financial Statement Presentation: An Analysis Using Special Items*.Contemporary Accounting Research,27(1), 289-332. doi:10.1111/j.1911-3846.2010.01009.x Robinson, T. (2009).International financial statement analysis. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Safi, A. Analysis of Luxury Airlines Emirates Airways and Competitors.SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2045661. Brealey, R., Myers, S. (1984).Principles of corporate finance. New York: McGraw-Hill. Ross, S., Westerfield, R., Jaffe, J. (2005).Corporate finance. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Steffy, W., Zearley, T., Strunk, J. (1974).Financial ratio analysis. Ann Arbor: Industrial Development Division, Institute of Science and Technology, University of Michigan. Velez-Pareja, I., Davila, M. Financial Analysis and Control - Financial Ratio Analysis (In Spanish).SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1366523 Velez-Pareja, I. Financial Analysis and Control - Financial Ratio Analysis (Slides).SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1638279 Velez-Pareja, I. Financial Analysis and Control - Financial Ratio Analysis (Slides in Spanish).SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1366728 Ward, K. (1994).Strategic issues in finance. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinnemann. Wild, J., Bernstein, L., Subramanyam, K. (2001).Financial statement analysis. Boston, Mass.: McGraw-Hill. Yagil, J. (1983). AN EXCHANGE-RATIO DETERMINATION MODEL FOR MERGERS: AN EXTENSION.Financial Review,18(3), 87-87. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6288.1983.tb01923.x

Night Essays (649 words) - Holocaust Literature, Night,

Night Wiesel's Night is about what the Holocaust did, not just to the Jews, but by extension, to humanity. People all over the world were devastated by this atrocious act, and there are still people today who haven't overcome the effects. One example of the heinous acts of the Germans that stands out occurs at the end of the war, when Elie and the rest of the camp of Buna is being forced to transfer to Gleiwitz. This transfer is a long, arduous, and tiring journey for all that are involved. The weather is painfully cold, and snow fell heavily; the distance is greater than most people today will even dream of walking. The huge mass of people is often forced to run, and if one collapses, is injured, or simply can no longer bear the pain, they are shot or trampled without pity. An image that secures itself in Elie's memory is that of Rabbi Eliahou's son's leaving the Rabbi for dead. The father and son are running together when the father begins to grow tired. As the Rabbi falls farther and fa rther behind his son, his son runs on, pretending not to see what is happening to his father. This spectacle causes Elie to think of what he would do if his father ever became as weak as the Rabbi did. He decides that he would never leave his father, even if staying with him would be the cause of his death. The German forces are so adept at breaking the spirits of the Jews that we can see the effects throughout Elie's novel. Elie's faith in God, above all other things, is strong at the onset of the novel, but grows weaker as it goes on. We see this when Elie's father politely asks the gypsy where the lavatories are. Not only does the gypsy not grace his father with a response, but he also delivers a blow to his head that sent him to the floor. Elie watches the entire exhibition, but doesn't even blink. He realizes that nothing, not even his faith in God, can save him from the physical punishment that would await him if he tried to counterattack the gypsy. If the gypsy's attack had come just one day earlier, Elie probably would have struck back. However, the effect of the spiritual beating by the Germans was already being felt. The incident that perhaps has the greatest effect on Elie is the hanging of the pipel. He is a young boy with an innocent face who is condemned to death because he is implicated in a conspiracy, which results in a German building being destroyed. When the time for the hanging approaches, the Lagerkapo refuses to kick out the chair, so SS officers are assigned to do it. Unlike the necks of those he is hanged with, the young boy's neck does not break when he falls, and he suffers for over a half-hour. The suffering of the child is comparable to the suffering endured by many Jews during the Holocaust. He fought for his life, at times even seeing a bit of hope, only to be destroyed in the end. The Jews fought for everything they had, from their possessions at the beginning, to their lives at the end. The result, however, was the same. At the end of the war, Elie looks into the mirror, and says he saw a corpse. This corpse is Elie's body, but it has been robbed of its soul. This is similar to the loss suffered by people all over the world. Those not directly involved with the Holocaust were still alive physically, but their mind and spirit had long been dead. By the end of the war, Elie loses all of his faith in God and his fellow man, and this is the most difficult obstacle to overcome when he is released. Book Reports

Pablo Picasso essays

Pablo Picasso essays Pablo Ruiz Picasso was born October 25, 1881 to Don Jos Ruiz Blasco (1838-1939) and Dos prodigious artistic ability and proclaimed that he would never paint again. Pablo entered many fine arts schools and even entered The Royal Academy of San Fernando in Madrid. In October 1900 Picasso and Casagemas left for Paris, the most significant artistic center at the time, and opened studio at the Montmartre. Art dealer Pedro Manach offered Picasso his first contract: 150 Francs per month in exchange for pictures. This restless life with constant travels continued all his life, though later he would become more or less settled, but never finally settled. His original disproportion and abstractedness has captured the world over. Picasso was able to take very famous paintings and create his own masterpiece. One of Picassos paintings that have captured my attention, is The Old Guitarist. Another of Pablos works would be Acrobat On a Ball. The last selection would be Las Meninas. First, I chose The Old Guitarist. This painting is of interest to me because I play the guitar. Beyond the similar instrument, I enjoy the feeling of solace that the painting gives me. The slumped head of the man has me thinking that he is playing a song in his darkest hour. I think that overall darkness of hue that was chosen to paint this in did the idea more justice than if it were performed in lighter shades. Second, Acrobat On a Ball stood out to me from the hundreds of works Picasso has done. The reason this particular painting has leaped out at me would be that it seems very like a piece that Salvador Dali might paint. The closeness of the foreground figure with his back turned and the multiple layers of foreground , middle ground, and background give this impression. The ac ...

Civil and Criminal Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Civil and Criminal Laws - Essay Example In criminal law, the litigation is always filed by the government, who is called the prosecution. Criminal law distinguishes crimes from civil wrongs such as tort breach of contract. Criminal law has been seen as a system of regulating the behavior of individuals and groups in relation to societal norms whereas civil law is aimed primarily at the relationship between private individuals and their rights and obligations under the law. Although many ancient legal systems did not clearly define a distinction between criminal and civil law, in England there was little difference until the codification of criminal law occurred in the late nineteenth century. In most U.S. law schools, the basic course in criminal law is based upon the English common criminal law of 1750 (with some minor American modifications like the clarification of mens rea in the Model Penal Code). In civil cases, the Seventh Amendment guarantees a defendant a right to a jury trial in federal court, but that right does not apply to the states (in contrast with criminal cases). Legal system derived from the Roman Corpus Juris Civilus of Emperor Justinian I; differs from a common-law system, which relies on prior decisions to determine the outcome of a lawsuit. Most European and South American countries have a civil law system. England and most of the countries it dominated or colonized, including Canada and the United States, have a common-law system. However, within these countries, Louisiana, Quebec, and Puerto Rico exhibit the influence of French and Spanish settlers in their use of civil law systems. A body of rules that delineate private rights and remedies and govern disputes between individuals in such areas as contracts, property, and family law is distinct from criminal or public law. Punishment One of the most fundamental distinctions between civil and criminal law is in the notion of punishment. Criminal Law In criminal law, a guilty defendant is punished by either (1) incarceration in a jail or prison, (2) fine paid to the government, or, in exceptional cases, (3) execution of the defendant: the death penalty. Crimes are divided into two broad classes: felonies have a maximum possible sentence of more than one year incarceration; misdemeanors have a maximum possible sentence of less than one year incarceration. Civil Law In contrast, a defendant in civil litigation is never incarcerated and never executed. In general, a losing defendant in civil litigation only reimburses the plaintiff for losses caused by the defendant's behavior. So-called punitive damages are never awarded in a civil case under contract law. In a civil case under tort law, there is a possibility of punitive damages, if the defendant's conduct is egregious and had either (1)amalicious intent (i.e., desire to cause harm), (2)grossnegligence (i.e., conscious indifference), or (3)awillful disregard for the rights of others. The use of punitive damages makes a public example of the defendant and supposedly deters future wrongful conduct by others. Punitive damages are particularly important in torts involving dignitary harms (e.g., invasion of privacy) and civil rights, where the actual monetary injury to plaintiff(s) may be small. One can

The high rate of violence on TV and video games causes the high rate Research Paper

The high rate of violence on TV and video games causes the high rate of depression and sadness in American society - Research Paper Example demonstrates that trauma felt in childhood can often carry over into adulthood, causing distress, depression, and increased violence in the individual. This is true of television as well, and there is definitely a connection between watching television and increased feeling of depression and violence in adulthood. According to psychodynamic theory, something is generally â€Å"missing† from an individual’s life as the cause of depression, and for those that watch far too much television as children. This missing element can often be play with other children or interaction with family (some psychologists have referred to television as a detrimental type of babysitter for families). Studies show that television is an integral part of culture and many families spend more time in front of the television than they do conversing. Hence, this lack of social and familiar interaction can also contribute to the depression present in those that are exposed to too much television, along with the psychological trauma inflicted by violent television. Furthermore, the violence witnessed on television also creates problems from a psychodynamic standpoint and leads to depression. Trauma experienced via watching television in childhood can carry through to adulthood and cause further problems of depression for adults that viewed too much violence on television as children. Like psychodynamic theory states, this â€Å"dynamic† of television is the problem that roots itself in childhood and carries itself through adulthood, causing depression. The first part of this problem comes from the fact that television is in high demand in our culture. Many children and adults watch 21-23 of television per week, and 3 to 5 violent acts per hour ("Media Violence (RE9526)" 1). Many families have taken to watching television while eating dinner, and most families admit that they watch television when they eat instead of having conversations with each other. This can often attribute to

Freedom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Freedom - Essay Example Thomas, lead character of the story, who is living the life of suffering in Chicago's ghettos until he gets his ticket out of craving to get freedom. Bigger is hampered with a powerful zeal that he has cannot control his life and that he cannot do anything other than working as a labor. The character is very complex and has very low confidence level. The novel may only be compared to the Richard Wright supporting culture, and a very complex in fact a negative picture of the black Americans. Mary’s murder gives Bigger a sense of power and identity he has never known. Which though leads him to death at the end but he struggled hard to overcome all his weakness his poverty. He has a great feeling of freedom too as explained in the novel. â€Å"Bigger has a strong feeling of freedom: "Sort of natural-like, me being here facing that death chair. Now I realize about it, it seems like something like this just had to be. He is then fated to death and faces his destiny impenitently. T hinking of that 'the reason I killed for, I am!' Though in prison, shows a great need for a common brotherhood. This actually shows what Wright really think of freedom. As he considered freedom a term when one can free him from any regret from every sin he has done mistakenly or with conscious mind which leads him to death yet is effective as it will end. The novel shows various annoying characteristics of Thomas. As though he was a very terrified boy from white that he never ever tried to rob the white with his gang as he take white not an individual but as a group. So he was very much terrifying and may be his fear will then end at such violence. Richard Wrights has a very complex definition of freedom. As doing a complete analysis of Thomas it seems that writer is a very deep critic of the society’s cruel attitude and the strange implementation of those rules that support racism. He portrays the character as it is a real discovery of such cruel society. Wright has a clear an idea of freedom and also he discovers many hurdles can be faced by achieving such levels of freedom are not possible until one can sacrifice greatly. Mary, Mr. Dalton’s daughter was a really against this racism so she threaten Thomas to forget about all the taboos and to encourage him she spent full night with his boy friend and Bigger her boy friend Jan desperate to prove their liberal thoughts and racial tolerance against the black Americans. Despite Bigger’s embracement they spent great time with him. This is another way of depicting that this is not possible to get a real freedom. As though the couple is giving Thomas a great opportunity to interact with a class of white people but he acts annoyingly. That shows at any cost bigger does not have the ability to overcome his inferiority complex enforced in him from his childhood that may lead to a strange criminal mind set. Like after that evening they get drunk heavily. And Bigger drove to home. Afterward, Mary is too drunk as she cannot go to her bedroom on her own, so Bigger helps her to get there. Drunk and as he get freedom he started kissing Mary. That depicts what the writer another perception towards the fears and complexes of one man that leads him towards violating all the rules. And act like animal as when he get a little space and a chance he forgot what is right and what is wrong and freely do what his fear asks him to do. This is a way to get freedom but deeply this is not a real freedom actually this is an outcome of all those

The value of the Sime Darby Brand

The value of the Sime Darby Brand Founded in 1910, now Sime Darby (Holding Company-Divers) is ranked at 9 in 50 most valuable brands in Malaysia. Sime Darby Berhad Malaysia is leading Oil and Gas Services is fully innovative and productive company leading in Malaysia. Sime Darby Berhad consists of several components of business units such as plantation, property, industrial, motors, energy and utilities and healthcare as well. The main vision of the company is we are building our tomorrows, today (www.simedarby.com). The Sime Darby in 1910 got the name from two European business partners by name; William Sime and Henry Darby. William Sime, a traveler and adventurer from Scotland, ventured to Malaysia when he was in his late 30s. Sime Darby Berhad is the largest conglomerate in Malaysia and one of the largest in Southeast Asia . Within its territory are more than 270 operating companies in 23 countries, while foreign operations in Hong Kong of which account for 25% of revenues, Singapore (14 %), and Australia (11%). The company generates 38 percent of its revenues domestically. Its broadly diversified activities include a wide range of industries, with the core businesses being plantations including oil palm and the companys original business, rubber, tire manufacturing, heavy equipment and motor vehicle distribution, property development, power generation, and engineering services. Natural rubber synthetic rubber was still being developed and had just been introduced to the country from Brazil. Sime and other entrepreneurs at the time recognized that the climate of Malaysias jungle region was similar to that of Brazils. Therefore, rubber could just as easily be grown in that country and sold not only in Malaysia but throughout Southeast Asia and the world. However, Sime Darby encountered opposition to its venture from locals, who were wary of outsiders coming in to operate a plantation in Malacca, in order to overcome this, Sime and Darby forged friendships with several members of the Chinese business community. The company expanded, becoming a manager for owners of other plantations and then moving into the trading end of the industry. Sime set up a branch office in Singapore in 1915 and shortly thereafter established a marketing office in London. Demand for rubber eventually outstripped Sime Darbys production capacity, and by the late 1920s the company found it necessary to clear more jungle. To do so, Sime Darby purchased Sarawak Trading Company in 1929. Sarawak (later renamed Tractors Malaysia) held the franchise for Caterpillar heavy earthmoving equipment. That important purchase signaled Sime Darbys expansion into the heavy equipment business, which would eventually become a major component of its expansive network. In 1936 the companys head office was relocated from Malacca to Singapore. Sime Darby made a fortune in the global rubber industry during the 1920s and 1930s. Growth in the industry began to fade, however, as natural rubber was gradually supplanted by synthetic rubber. Sales of natural rubber boomed during World War II as warring nations purchased all available supplies. The war, however, also led to significant advancements in synthetic rubber technology. A good deal of it was used to acquire other companies, thereby expanding Sime Darbys reach into several other industries. Much of Sime Darbys success during that period was attributable to its acquisition of the giant Seafield Estate in 1971 and the establishment of Consolidated Plantations Berhad that same year. Through Consolidated Plantations, which became the companys main plantation subsidiary, Sime Darby became a leading force in the regions thriving agricultural sector. In addition to growing the oil palms and cocoa, the company began processing the crops into finished products for sale throughout the world. As its sales and profits spiraled upward during the early and mid-1970s, Sime Darby became a shiny feather in Britains cap. To the surprise and chagrin of the British stockholders, however, the company was wrested from their control by the Malaysian government late in 1976. The intriguing events leading up to the takeover began in the early 1970s. During that time, Sime Darbys chief executive, Denis Pinder, began investing the companys cash in new subsidiaries throughout the world. The companys stock price soared as Sime Darbys sales spiraled upward. At the same time, some observers charged that Sime Darby was engaged in corrupt business practices (with critics coining the phrase Slime Darby). Allegations of corruption were confirmed in the eyes of some detractors when, in 1973, Darbys outside auditor was found stabbed to death in his bathtub. The Singapore police ruled the death a suicide, but Pinder still ended up in prison on misdemeanor charges. Pinders successor took up where he left off, investing in numerous ventures, most of which were located in Europe. Unfortunately, many of those investments quickly soured. Some Malaysians felt that Sime Darby was taking profits from its successful domestic operations and investing them unwisely overseas. So, in 1976 the Malaysian government trading office bought up Sime Darby shares on the London stock exchange. It effectively gained control of the company and installed a board made up mostly of Asians. Also in 1976, Asian and British board members were able to agree that Tun Tan Chen Locks son, Tun Tan Siew Sin, would be an acceptable replacement as chairman of Sime Darbys board. In 1978 Sime Darby was reincorporated in Malaysia as Sime Darby Berhad. Its headquarters was moved to Kuala Lumpur the following year. Staggering in the Early 1980s; Rebounding in the Late 1980s and Early 1990s Sime Darby jettisoned some of its poorly performing assets during the late 1970s and early 1980s under Locks leadership. But it also continued investing in new ventures. It purchased the tire-making operations of B.F. Goodrich Philippines in 1981, for example, and secured the franchise rights to sell Apple Computers in southeast Asia in 1982. The addition of B.F. Goodrich Philippines marked the companys entrance into the tire manufacturing sector; also in 1981 came the establishment of Sime Darby International Tire Company, which in 1988 was renamed Sime Darby Pilipinas, Inc. In 1984 the company purchased a large stake in a Malaysian real estate development company, United Estates Berhad, and used it to begin developing plantation lands. This company later was renamed Sime UEP Properties Berhad. In Malaysia, Sime Darby acquired the franchises for BMW, Ford, and Land Rover vehicles. By the early 1980s Sime Darbys push to diversify had given it a place in almost every industry, from agricultural and manufacturing to finance and real estate. Although it did diversify into heavy equipment, real estate, and insurance businesses, new management also plowed significant amounts of cash into the companys traditional commodity and plantation operations. Sime Darby became a favorite of investors looking for a safe bet. Indeed, the mammoth enterprise tended to minimize risks after the investment mistakes of the early 1970s and seemed content to operate as a slow-growth multinational behemoth that could withstand any market downturns. Even if something did go wrong, the company had a war chest of nearly a half billion U.S. dollars from which it could draw. Unfortunately, Sime Darbys staid strategy negatively impacted its bottom line. Sales dipped to M $2.78 billion in 1992 before plunging to M$2.17 billion in 1983. Sime Darby lumbered through the mid-1980s with annual sales of less than M$2.5 billion, and net income skidded from about M$100 million in the early 1980s to a low M$59 million in 1987. To turn things around, Sime Darbys board promoted Tunku Ahmad Yahaya to chief executive. Ahmad was a veteran of the companys executive ranks and was a favorite nephew of Malaysias first prime minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman. Under Ahmads direction, the giant corporation began a slow turnaround. Significantly, Ahmad was instrumental in luring Tun Ismail to Sime Darbys board. Ismail was a highly influential central bank governor and the chairman of Sime Darbys biggest shareholder. Ismail became nonexecutive chairman of the company following the death of Tun Tan Siew Sin in 1988. During the late 1980s and early 1990s Ahmad invested much of Sime Darbys cash hoard into a bevy of new companies and ventures. Sime became a relatively big player in the global reinsurance business, for example, and tried to boost its activities related to heavy equipment and vehicle manufacturing. Most notably, Sime began pouring millions of dollars into property and tourism in key growth areas of Malaysia in an effort to get in on the development and tourism boom that began in that nation in the late 1980s. The success of that division prompted the company to invest as well in tourism overseas. Through its UEP subsidiary, for instance, Sime Darby bought a full-service resort with condominiums in Florida (Sandestin Resorts) and a hotel in Australia, among other enterprises. As the company dumped its cash into expansion and diversification, sales and profits bolted. Revenues climbed from M$2.53 billion in 1987 to M$4.98 billion in 1990 to M$6.20 billion in 1992. During the same perio d, net income soared from M$85 million to M$353 million. Sime Darby realized a stunning 65 percent average annual growth in earnings during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Despite its gains, though, critics charged that the company had concentrated too heavily on traditional commodity industries and had failed to move into the 1990s with the rest of Malaysia. In fact, Sime Darby continued to garner about 43 percent of its sales from commodity trading activities in 1993 and only 18 percent from manufacturing. The rest came from heavy equipment distribution, insurance, and its property/tourism holdings. Although building strength in those businesses had added to the companys sales and profits during the late 1980s and early 1990s, the strategy had caused Sime Darby to fall behind more progressive holding companies in the region that were participating in booming high-tech, gaming, brokering, and manufacturing sectors. Many company insiders believed that Sime Darby would have to eliminate its heavy reliance on commodity industries if it wante d to sustain long-term growth. The Crisis The companys stock price began to fall in 1993 and its rapid revenue and profit growth began to subside in comparison with late 1980s levels. In 1993 Ahmad stepped back from control of the company when he named Nik Mohamed Nik Yaacob to serve under him as chief executive. Among Mohameds first moves was to initiate the merger of the companys plantation assets, organized as Consolidated Plantations, and the parent company, The company also bolstered its regional insurance business in 1993 by joining forces with AXA of France for its insurance operations in Malaysia and Singapore. These efforts signaled an end to the companys historical emphasis on commodities and reflected Mohameds desires to increase activity in manufacturing, high-tech, financial services, and other fast-growth businesses and reduce Sime Darbys bureaucracy. The turn around after the crisis The company began increasing investments in businesses such as power generation, oil and gas, and heavy equipment exporting. In heavy equipment, Sime Darby bought the Australian distributor of Caterpillar equipment, Hastings Deering (Australia) Ltd., in 1993. In power generation, a key move came in 1994 when Sime Darby took a 40 percent interest in Port Dickson Power Sdn. Bhd., an independent power producer in Malaysia. That same year, the company acquired U.K.-based Lec Refrigeration plc, which was involved in the manufacturing, marketing, and servicing of refrigeration equipment and related products. At the same time, Mohamed worked to absorb the flurry of acquisitions conducted during the previous several years and streamline the company into some sort of cohesive whole. Despite restructuring activities, Sime Darby managed to boost sales to US$3.15 billion in 1994, about US$186 million of which was netted as income. In 1995 Sime Darby stepped up its acquisition drive through the purchase of a controlling 60.4 percent interest in United Malayan Banking Corporation from Datuk Keramat Holdings Berhad. The US$520 million purchase deepened the companys involvement in the countrys fast-growing financial services sector. United Malayan, which was the fourth largest bank in Malaysia in terms of assets, soon was reorganized as Sime Bank Berhad, with the companys brokerage arm becoming a subsidiary of Sime Bank under the name Sime Securities Sdn. Bhd. For the fiscal year ending in June 1997 Sime Darby posted record net income of M$835.8 million (US$322.9 million) on record revenues of M$13.24 billion (US$4.35 billion). Sime Bank and SimeSecurities played a key role in these stellar results (accounting for 30 percent of pretax earnings), but the eruption of the Asian financial crisis in July 1997 quickly proved that the acquisition of United Malayan had been ill-timed, if not also ill-advised. The severity of the crisis in Malaysia, which included a steep decline in the Malaysian stock market and a sharp depreciation of the ringgit (the nations currency), led Sime Bank to post the largest loss in Malaysian banking historyM$1.6 billion (US$431 million) for the six months to December 1997. In turn, Sime Darby posted its first loss in decades for the same six-month period, a loss of M$676.2 million ($172.7 million). With other Sime Darby units being hit hard by the crisis as well, the company posted the first full-year loss in its clo se to 90-year history in the 1998 fiscal year, a net loss of M$540.9 million (US$131 million). Subsequently ,it beat a hasty retreat from its aggressive expansion, determining that the prudent course would be a return to the companys core areas: plantations, property development, tire manufacturing, heavy equipment and motor vehicle distribution, and power generation. In June 1999 Sime Darby sold Sime Bank and its SimeSecurities subsidiary to Rashid Hussain, who merged it with RHB Bank to form the second largest commercial bank in Malaysia. During the 1999 fiscal year, the company also sold Sandestin Resorts for US$131 million. In 1999,it returned to the black with net earnings of M$821.8 million (US$216.3 million) on revenues of M$9.91 billion (US$2.61 billion). A further pull-back from the financial services sector came in March 2000 when Sime Darby sold its interest in Sime AXA, its insurance joint venture with AXA of France. Meantime, an area of growing interest was emerging at the turn of the millennium as Sime Darby increased its interest in Port Dickson Power to 60 percent, giving it majority control and turning Port Dickson into a company subsidiary. Flush with cash from the sale of its financial services units, Sime Darby appeared poised to make additional forays into the power generation sector. Given the near disaster of its aggressive moves into financial services, however, the company was likely to proceed with much caution in all of its future expansionary endeavors in a return to its traditional style of conservative management. Business activities: Plantation: Plantation is Sime Darby largest revenue generator with about 70% of the conglomerate profits come from this segment. The company operates palm oil and rubber plantations in Malaysia and Indonesian islands of Sumatera, Kalimantan and Sulawesi. With a land bank of over 633,000 hectares, including 300,000 hectares in Indonesia, it is one of the largest plantation company in the world. Property: The company is involved in the property development business in eight countries, namely Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Peoples Republic of China, Australia and United Kingdom. Industrial and Monitoring :The company is involved in the purchasing, leasing and selling of industrial equipment such as Caterpillar Inc. heavy duty trucks and tractors.. it has partnership with Ford, it sells Fords cars and trucks together with the Land Rover brand. It is also a major BMW dealer in Singapore, Australia and Thailand. In Southern China, the company sells BMW and Rolls-Royce. In addition, Sime Darby co-owns Inokom Corp Bhd, a joint-venture with Hyundai Motor Company which assembles and sells Hyundai vehicles in Malaysia. Energy Utilities: The company is an Oil and Gas services company which provides equipment for exploring oil and gas assets in the South East Asia region. The company is also an independent power provider in Malaysia and Thailand. The company also provides engineering services in the system integration and sales sectors, security and oil gas sectors. Healthcare: The company owns hospital named Sime Darby Medical Centre Subang Jaya Sdn. Bhd ,SDMC Formerly known as Subang Jaya Medical Centre, and college formerly known as SJMC Academy of Nursing and Health Sciences which was established in 1995 and now is known as Sime Darby Nursing and Health Sciences College. Other businesses: The company has a port utility company named Weifang Sime Darby Port Co Ltd. Other businesses that the company is involved in include healthcare, aerospace (divested from Asian Composites Manufacturing (ACM) in 2009), bedding, consumer and industrial products, logistics and packing.The company also owns the 30% of the Malaysian arm of Tesco stores. Sustainable Practices: Sime Darby plantations implemented Zero Burning Planting Techniques Techniques (ZBPT), a practical and environmentally sound technique of replanting, in 1989. The Board of director and audit committee profile: Company Profile Bhg Dato Mohd Bakke, was chosen on13th May 2010 as the new president and group chief executive (PGCE) and formerly group president/CEO of Felda Global ventures Holdings SDN Bhd, he has necessary experience in corporate restructuring exercises as well as in management expertise in the plantation. Dato Azhar Abdul Hamid, Chairman,board of Directors and Managing Director of Sime Darby Plantation Sdn Bhd. He is head of the Sime Darby Groups Plantation and Agri-business Division Aditheb Bisalbutr Chairman of Executive Committee (EXCOM) Member of Board of Directors Chairman of PTT Chemical International Pte. Ltd. (since October,2008)   Dr. Kongkrapan PhD. He is the group Chief Executive Officer and a member of the Board and the Executive Committee of Emery Oleochemicals Group. chemical Haris Fadzilah Hassan Executive Committee Board of Directors ,Senior Vice President of Downstream Operations, Sime Darby Plantations Sdn Bhd    Puntip Oungpasuk is the member of board of directors oversees PTT Chemicals business strategy, business development, corporate planning, corporate strategy portfolio management, innovation technology, and international businesses.   Veerasak Kositpaisal :The President and CEO of PTT Chemical Public Company Limited. Also the Chairman the Plastic Industry Club of the Federation of Thai Industries Tn Hj. Khairudin Hashim :The Head, RD Centre for Sime Darby Plantation. He is also a Board Member of several of Sime Darby Plantations subsidiaries. Now, Panel Member of the Advisory Panel for RISDA College. Mustamir Mohamad (Alternative Director) Head, Strategy and Business Development Sime Darby expanded their operations in more than 20 countries throughout the Asia, Europe, Africa, the Middle and Unites States. Sime Darby Berhad is one of the largest listed oil plantation groups. It has been estimated approximately near 6% of the total palm oil production in the world. The financial accounting standards of Sime Darby In Malaysia, a Sime Darby Berhad financial accounting standard is accordance to Malaysian Accounting Standard Board (The Sime Darby Group, 2005). The financial statements have been arranged in accordance with the Malaysian Accounting Standards Board approved accounting standards in Malaysia; comply with the Financial Reporting Standards (FRS) and the provisions of Companies the Act, 1965. The functions and powers of the Malaysian Accounting Standard Board (MASB) as provided under the Act are to (MASB, 2010): issue new accounting standards as approved accounting standards and to review, revise or adopt existing accounting standards as approved accounting standards; issue statements of principles for financial reporting; sponsor or undertake development of possible accounting standards; conduct public consultation as necessary; develop a conceptual framework for the purpose of evaluating proposed accounting standards; make such changes to proposed accounting standards as considered necessary; seek the view of the FRF in relation to new and existing standards, statement of principles, and changes to proposed standards; determine scope and application of accounting standards; and to perform such other function as the Minister of Finance may prescribe Harmonization must begin with a standardization of the reporting requirements. In Sime Darby, (Sime Darby Berhad Annual Report, 2009), the accounting standards have been issued with regards to segment reporting. The accounting standards are based on; The Directors are required by the Companies Act, 1965 (Act) to prepare financial statements for each financial year which give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Group and the Company at the end of the year and the results of the Group and the Company for the year. The Directors plays role in responsible in safeguard the assets of the Group and to prevent and detect fraud and other misdeed Malaysian necessities the Companies Act 1965 and on the standards of the Malaysian Accounting Standards Board. The Malaysian Accounting Standards Board (MASB) uses IAS 16-Property, Plant and Equipment, as the foundation for rising accounting standards. Convergence of accounting standards will be not achieved without significant cooperation between government and business community. The financial statements are presented in Ringgit Malaysia (RM) which is the companys functional and presentation currency. How can this company combine of  financial accounting standards between in its branches (Singapore and other countries) according to the existence accounting system In Singapore, Sime Darby Singapore Limited Is under US GAAP, Statement of Financial Accounting Standards. In United States, Sime Darby Plantation USA financial accounting standard was registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) of the United States of America. The Securities and Exchange Commission The Securities and Exchange Commission is a U.S. regulatory agency that has the authority to establish accounting standards for publicly traded companies. The Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 require certain reports to be filed with the SEC. For example, Forms 10-Q and 10-K must be filed quarterly and annually, respectively. The head of the SEC is appointed by the President of the United States. When the SEC was formed there was no standards-issuing body. However, rather than set standards, the SEC encouraged the private sector to set them. The SEC has stated that FASB standards are considered to have authoritative support. The adoption of International Accounting Standards as Philippine generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). In Philippines, Sime Darby Pilipinas Inc, the standards financial accounting was based on Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in the Philippines as set forward in Philippine Financial Reporting Standards (PFRS). PFRS includes statements named PFRS and Philippine Accounting Standards (PAS), including interpretations by the Philippine Accounting Standards Council. These are the Companys first consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with PFRS. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are generally accepted because an authoritative body has set them or the accounting profession widely accepts them as appropriate. Prior to this, Philippine generally accepted accounting principles were based mainly on US-based accounting standards. According to Parker, (2010) Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) has four basic principles. The historical cost principle requires companies to account and report based on acquisition costs rather than fair market value for most assets and liabilities. The revenue recognition principle requires to record when revenue is realized or realizable and earned, not when cash is received. The way of accounting is called accrual basis accounting. The matching principle-Expenses have to be matched with revenues as long as it is reasonable doing so. The full disclosure principle-Amount and kinds of information disclosed should be decided based on trade-off analysis as larger amount of information costs more to prepare and use it. Information disclosed should be enough to make judgment while keeping costs reasonable. In Malaysia, refer to Nathan et al, (2000) Malaysia Standard Auditing is issued by Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA) and the Malaysian Association of Certified Public Accountants (MACPA) to harmonize the auditing practice. The authors mentioned that in order to harmonize the accounting standard practices, Malaysia has been implementing good standards by strengthening actual accounting and auditing practices. Nathan et al, (2000) also emphasized that to maintain the relationship between national standards and international standards and as well as maintain and improved the standards; the professional accounting bodies review the published accounting statements annually and Malaysian Accounting Standard Board (MASB) were set up to ensure that; the issuance of new standards as approved accounting standards the assessment, revision or implementation as accepted accounting standards existing accounting standards go aboard on a programme to review all extant accounting standards for consistency the latest developments in International Accounting Standards (IAS), legal and regulatory reporting requirements evaluate the practical practice of International Accounting Standards (IAS) relate to application of the accounting standards According to Carlin et al, (2009) MASB to adopt global harmonization of standards (IFRSs) is a reflection of Malaysias obligation to support with global accounting standards in order to achieve harmonization with international practice. Based on the financial accounting standards between its branches, from my point of view, the process for harmonizing accounting standards seems based on a harmonious relationship among national and international standards setters. Sime Darby Berhad neither replaces nor eliminates the need for standard setters. The monitoring of reporting and agreement with approved standard and as well as regulatory body has been done by financial institutions i.e. Bank Negara. Does it succeed  to achieve that or not  if not what are the obstacles that face this company to achieve that According to Pasceri, (2005), a Chief Internal Auditor and Finance Director of Sime Darby Malaysia, Francis Anthony stated that; Nothing has changed except for disclosure requirements, which have become quite onerous today, with no doubt. As far as the statutory reporting and financial community, especially the auditors, there are more requirements to be met. Unfortunately, with the rush of regulatory changes in the US and their impact on international accounting standards, we have erred in moving too much towards a rule-based environment. As far as the basic accounting system goes management reporting and management accounting thats not changed. The basic principles are the same except for today you must ensure stricter compliance with cross-border and transfer pricing rules and be more familiar with management decision-making techniques for risk management. Francis Anthony also pointed out that; There is overload now even for wellrun companies and I think it is maximised, and the challenge now is balancing. The challenges of Sime Darby faces today is just that the audit management need to maintain and balance the role and keep side by side of all regulatory changes on finance. Having worked in multiple jurisdictions in the region Anthony finds that for companies in Hong Kong and the other local exchanges like Malaysia and Singapore, there are varying degrees of reporting requirements that will be getting more and more stringent with SarOx (Pasceri, 2005). Internal and External Audit Duties and comments To say that the group had processes in place its just that they had not been implemented properly certainly laughable because it is all too  familiar. If one was to seriously respond to this excuse, it would be that is why you have internal and external auditors. And when the internal auditors raised the red flag in August 2008, it was conveniently swept under the carpet! If the excuse was that, the non-executive independent directors were obliged to give the benefit of the doubt to management, the external auditors, Price Waterhouse Coopers (PWC) certainly had no such obligation or professional reason to do so! This was their red flag to delve into the issue of cost over-runs including its recovery of such costs. This is no more an ordinary run of the mill statutory audit. PWC had been put on enquiry and were obliged to look into the concern meticulously. The question to be answered is that, what did PWC do? They signed off the accounts of Sime Darby for 2008 and 2009 with a clean audit report! Not even an emphasis of matter especially on the possible cost over-runs and its recoverability! The fact that official media had highlighted these matters, besides the media report prior to the finalization of the 2008 and 2009 accounts speak volumes about the role (or lack of it) of PWC The official media currently has been quite polite about this latest incident .yes, they have been polite relatively speaking, but if you read in between the lines, the insinuation is the total collapse in the check and balance roles of the other parties involved with Sime Darby notably the auditors and members of the Audit Committee headed by the ex-chairman of PWC. Andrew Sheng, a proponent of strong corporate governance is unfortunately embroiled in this mess as director and he cannot easily extricate himself out of this especially when he was appointed in 2007.He has to regain credibility by insisting massive and fundamental changes to the way things are done in the Malaysian corporate world in general and Sime Darby in particular. The audit committee In April 2008, for example, there were news reports that Sime Darby Engineering Sdn Bhd had incurred cost overruns of between RM120mil and RM150mil in its offshore engineering, procurement, construction, installation and commissioning project for Maersk Oil Qatar (MOQ). In February 2009, a report also alleged that there had been costs overruns in the same project, but this time, the figure mentioned was far bigger. At a media briefing on Feb 4, Zubir dismissed this: Theres no such thing as the RM800mil losses. The Minority Watchdog Group (MSWG) wrote to Sime Darby chairman Tun Musa Hitam in March 2009 on issues in the energy and utilities division. At the companys AGM last November, the MSWG also raised questions about the divisions shrinking bottom-lin

Biography of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz :: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz Mathematicians Essays

Biography of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz was born on the July 1, 1646 in Leipzig, Germany and died on November 14, 1716 in Hanover, Germany. He was the son of Friedrich Leibnitz, a professor of moral philosophy at Leipzig. Friedrich Leibnitz was evidently a competent though not original scholar, who devoted his time to his offices and to his family as a pious, Christian father. His mother was Catharina Schmuck, the daughter of a lawyer and Friedrich’s third wife. Friedrich died when Leibnitz was only six years old and he was brought up by his mother. Certainly Leibnitz learned his moral and religious values from her, which would play an important role in his life and philosophy. At the age of seven, Leibnitz entered the Nicolai School in Leipzig. Although he was taught Latin at school, Leibnitz had taught himself far more advanced Latin and some Greek by the age of 12. He was motivated to read his father's books. As he progressed through school he, was taught Aristotle's logic and theory of categorizing knowledge. Leibnitz was clearly not satisfied with Aristotle's system and began to develop his own ideas on how to improve on it. Later in life Leibnitz recalled that at this time he was trying to find orderings on logical truths, which, although he did not know it at the time, were the ideas behind rigorous mathematical proofs. As well as his schoolwork, Leibnitz studied his father's books. In particular he read metaphysics books and theology books from both Catholic and Protestant writers. In 1661, at the age of fourteen, Leibnitz entered the University of Leipzig. It may sound today as if this were a truly exceptionally early age for anyone to enter university, but it is fair to say that by the standards of the time he was quite young but there would be others of a similar age. He studied philosophy, which was well taught at the University of Leipzig, and mathematics, which was very poorly taught. Among the other topics, which were included in this two year, general degree course were rhetoric, Latin, Greek and Hebrew. He graduated with a bachelors degree in 1663 with a thesis De Principio Individui (On the Principle of the Individual) which emphasized the existential value of the individual, who is not to be explained either by matter alone or by form alone but rather by his whole being. Biography of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz :: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz Mathematicians Essays Biography of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz was born on the July 1, 1646 in Leipzig, Germany and died on November 14, 1716 in Hanover, Germany. He was the son of Friedrich Leibnitz, a professor of moral philosophy at Leipzig. Friedrich Leibnitz was evidently a competent though not original scholar, who devoted his time to his offices and to his family as a pious, Christian father. His mother was Catharina Schmuck, the daughter of a lawyer and Friedrich’s third wife. Friedrich died when Leibnitz was only six years old and he was brought up by his mother. Certainly Leibnitz learned his moral and religious values from her, which would play an important role in his life and philosophy. At the age of seven, Leibnitz entered the Nicolai School in Leipzig. Although he was taught Latin at school, Leibnitz had taught himself far more advanced Latin and some Greek by the age of 12. He was motivated to read his father's books. As he progressed through school he, was taught Aristotle's logic and theory of categorizing knowledge. Leibnitz was clearly not satisfied with Aristotle's system and began to develop his own ideas on how to improve on it. Later in life Leibnitz recalled that at this time he was trying to find orderings on logical truths, which, although he did not know it at the time, were the ideas behind rigorous mathematical proofs. As well as his schoolwork, Leibnitz studied his father's books. In particular he read metaphysics books and theology books from both Catholic and Protestant writers. In 1661, at the age of fourteen, Leibnitz entered the University of Leipzig. It may sound today as if this were a truly exceptionally early age for anyone to enter university, but it is fair to say that by the standards of the time he was quite young but there would be others of a similar age. He studied philosophy, which was well taught at the University of Leipzig, and mathematics, which was very poorly taught. Among the other topics, which were included in this two year, general degree course were rhetoric, Latin, Greek and Hebrew. He graduated with a bachelors degree in 1663 with a thesis De Principio Individui (On the Principle of the Individual) which emphasized the existential value of the individual, who is not to be explained either by matter alone or by form alone but rather by his whole being.

Pfizer company Analysis Essay

Introduction Pfizer is a pharmaceutical company that is here to help us have a better health. It was founded in (1849) by two cousins Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart. It was made to discover and developing new ways to prevent and treat disease and also to improve health in the world. The company focuses on meeting the world help needs. Pfizer specializes in many medicines. They have medicines to help all health needs in the world. Throughout this report, I will be discussing all different kinds of medicines this company prescribes, the health and wellness of this company, the leadership and structure and many more important key points about Pfizer. I will also discuss the time line of this company on when events took place. Exploring the History of Pfizer Two cousins, Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart from Germany open a small company with some money that was borrowed from Charles Pfizer father in (1849). Their first company was open in Brooklyn, New York in a section of Williamsburg. This small red brick building serves as everything, the office, warehouse, laboratory and the factory. Charles Pfizer was a chemist and Erhart was a confectioner and together they made their first product which was a palatable form of santonin. This product was an antiparasitic used to treat intestinal worms. The santonin was blend with almond-toffee flavoring and shape into a candy cone. It was a wonderful success and the company launch. (Pfizer 2009) In 1862, Pfizer launched its first domestic production of tartaric acid and cream of tartar. â€Å"Tartaric acid was used as a laxative and a skin coolant during the Civil War. The cream of tartar was a diuretic and a cleaning agent and also a vital drug to help meet the needs of the Union Army. Among these are iodine, morpahine, cholorform, camphor, and maercurials which are also used in the emerging field of photography.† (Pfizer 2009) By the (1968), the company doubles its side. It have increase it product line and also add 150 new employees. With the company growth, they buy a new building in Manhattan and moves it headquarters there. In (1880), the company started imported concentrates of lemon and lime which Pfizer begins manufacturing citric acid. They became the top producer of citric acid. Once the new drinks gain popularity; like Coca-Cola, Dr. Pepper and Pepsi-Cola, the demand for citric acid climbs the charts.  (Pfizer 2009) As the company double over the year, Pfizer opens an offices and warehouse in Chicago, Illinois, the first location outside the city limit of New York in (1882). On December 27, 1891, Charles Erhart dies and leaves a partnership worth over $250,000 to his son William. But in an agreement among Pfizer and Erhart, Pfizer could buy Erhart’s share at half inventory value. Pfizer became consolidating ownership of the company. (Pfizer 2009) â€Å"Pfizer files an official certificate of incorporation in the state of New Jersey, with authorized capital of $2 million divided into 20,000 shares of $100 each. Pfizer would remain a privately held company until June 22, 1942, when 240, 000 shares of new common stock were offered to the public. Charles Pfizer appointed his youngest son President at a special board meeting. Emile serves as President from (1906) to (1941) and briefly as Chairman in (1941). He was the last member of the family to be an activity member of the company. Charles Pfizer dies at the age of 82 while vacationing at his Newport, Rhode Island estate in 1906. The company has exceeded its sales to 3 million dollars by this time of Pfizer death. Once Pfizer dead, the board of director meets and name John Anderson as chairman of the company. Anderson first started working at Pfizer Inc as an office boy in (1873) and remained chairman until (1929) when he stepped down. (Pfizer 2009) A fermentation-free method of ascorbic acid was developed which was vitamin C. Pfizer was one of the biggest producers of vitamin C. Next came vitamin B-2, or riboflavin, and eventually develops a vitamin mix that includes riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, and iron. Pfizer had a miracle drug called penicillin. This drug was use for soldiers in the war. Pfizer receive an award on April 17, 1943 from the Army for it company’s contribution to the war. (Pfizer 2009) By the 1951, Pfizer have expanded its company in Belgium, Vrazil, Canada, Cuba, England, Mexico, Panama, and Puerto Rico. In (1952), Pfizer introduce an Agricultural Division of the company to offer anim al health problems in Terre Haute, Indiana. Pfizer also open another plant in England in (1955). This plant was a fermentation plant for research and development operations in Great Britain. The company was doing so well, they open another Pfizer pharmaceutical plant in Mexico, Italy, and Turkey. The company workers increase from 4,300 to over 7,000 workers in just one year. (Pfizer 2009) (In 1967), the company introduced its first one a day antibiotic called  Vibramycin (dozycycline hyclate). As the year over taken, Pfizer had a drug called Feldence that became one of the largest-selling prescription anti-inflammatory medications in the world. From 1984-1989, Pfizer had introduce four new drugs. The first drug was Glucotrol which is for diabetes. The next drug was Unasyn (ampicillin sulbasctam). It was an injectable antibiotic. They produced a medication for angina and hypertension which was Procardia XL that is a medication that you take once-a-day. (Pfizer 2009) In June (2001), Hank Mckinnell announces that Pfizer to become the world’s most valued company to patients, customers and the communities we live in everyday. He announced a commitment to fund the building of a regional treatment and training center on the campus of Makerere University in Kampala as part of the Academic Alliance for AIDS Care. As the years passed by, Pfizer announces the launch of a three-year initiative to provide grants to support training and capacity building for HIV/AIDS in developing countries in (2002). (Pfizer 2009) In 2003 research and development received over $7.1 billion of investment from Pfizer. They start on a new medication to treat migraines called Relpax. The US Food and Drug Administration approved the first treatment drug called Lyrica to treat neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy in two forms. This drug also helps treat adults with epilepsy with partial onset seizures. On October 15, 2009, Pfizer wanted to help the lives of the patients and consumers by creating a company with on training products and therapies. (Pfizer 2009) Pfizer Pfizer have three different section of within their company. Pfizer is a incorporation which is a public company that was established in 1849. It is there to discover, develops, manufactures and market human and animal pharmaceuticals drugs. The Pfizer Inc. Corporate Giving Program is a complement of its foundation. Its corporate makes charitable contributions to nonprofit organizations directly. But last not least, The Pfizer foundation supports programs designed to promote access to quality health care and support the involvement of Pfizer community colleagues. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) The foundation have special emphasis in four strategies. The first strategy is to improve health care for people in need. The second strategy is to teach individuals about health care and a  way to prevent things from happening to health care workers and individuals as a whole. Third strategy is to increasing the faculty of health organizations to provide care to people in need. But last, to measure the impact by serving partnership with experts to be able to share the best practice offer. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Pfizer leadership and Structure This company is made up of the best senior level executive personnel and the best decision-making board member there is offer. This board was brought together to focus on the major decisions of the company. Pfizer had several kinds of health care businesses. Pfizer had businesses such as Capsugel, Oncoogy, Nutrition, and Animal Health. Each company was run by a top executive who had very good knowledge of the company and products. (Pfizer 2009) The Board of Directors is elected annually by shareholders. They are the decision-making body of the company with the help of the shareholders. The Board selects the senior management team, which is charged with the conduct of the Company’s business. The board currently has 16 directors. (Pfizer 2009) Corporate Governance Pfizer was the first company to establish a corporate governance department. Pfizer understand to be trusted by public, they must have a good corporate governance and transparency. Pfizer stated â€Å"In order to create and sustain value for our stakeholders, and for society as a whole, we must first practice responsible business principles.† â€Å"And, we must take into account our stakeholders’ interests and be held accountable to them.† As reading the quote above from Pfizer Company, it clearly states that public opinion matter the most to them. The company want to make sure everyone have some kind of involves with their business. (Pfizer 2009) Public Policy Pfizer has a public policy select in its company. That’s a way the company communicate to people who have a part in their company. The public will be able to have discussing about the company and its product. The public policy is made so that the public can response to item to help improve the company to have better product and also to introduce new product into the company. (Pfizer 2009) Phrases of Development Pfizer Company has four different phrases of clinical development which new drugs are developed through a series of trails. Phrase 1, the company have healthy individual to volunteer for an experiential medicine which is called investigational new drug. This medicine is design to cure a disease which the volunteer currently have. A low dose of this medication is administered to the individual with highly supervision. The volunteer is watch very closed to record it responds to the medication to measure the doses that is best for that individual. (Pfizer 2009) In the second phrase, the drug is watched much closer to see what method is best for the individual. The method can be ever an oral or injection method. These patients for this stage are highly recommended by doctors or is a patient that has the disease that the drug is believed to treat. Phrase 3 is basically checking the results of the experiment to make sure the drug is working properly. The last phrase gather all the result form the trail period to make sure everything when as occurring as plan. They gather all the information on the drug about any risk that could occur while testing this drug on individuals. (Pfizer 2009) Programs Pfizer have many grants that they give out to university, foundation and other organizations. Pfizer also have many programs within it company. I will list and discuss some of the programs:  ConnectHIV: The foundation supports programs designed to serve communicates that are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS through grants to 20 mid-sized AIDS service organizations in the 10 states of the US with the highest number of new AIDS cases. The program is designed to prevent new infections to high-risk populations and delay disease progression for those already infected by supporting ASOs that take a comprehensive approach to presentation, access to care, and treatment. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Science in Schools: The foundation supports programs designed to improve education in communities around the world. Special emphasis is directed toward programs designed to build fully-equipped science labs and math classrooms to train local science teachers and develop initiatives to  encourage corporations and individuals to partner with local schools. It also helps teachers to study science in order to bring innovative knowledge and technology into the classroom. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Volunteer Programs (PVP): The foundation awards grants up to $1,500 to performing arts groups, museums, agencies serving the elderly, schools, libraries, hospitals, and community health organizations which employees and retirees of Pfizer volunteer. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Matching Gift: The foundation matches contributions made by employees and retirees of Pfizer to nonprofits organizations on a one for one basis. (National Directory of Corporate Giving)  Global Health Partnerships: Advancing Caner and Tobacco Control: The foundation support the partnership of public health in the areas of tobacco independence and oncology. It important is directed toward programs with impact serving as global models in improving cancer-related health outcomes, supporting cancer control and encouraging tobacco independence. Pfizer Animal Health Pfizer is one of the world leaders in Veterinary-prescription medicines. Pfizer supports the veterinarians and animal food producer in making sure food is healthy for animals. Making sure the food is healthy for the animal ensures they will live a longer live. Pfizer also help support the veterinary to prevent animal illness. Articles The next half of my research will be discussing articles that I have researched on about Pfizer found in different magazines. I will be at the best of my knowledge summary the article to assure your understanding. I will also attached copies of the article at the end of the paper. â€Å"Will Pfizer’s giveaway drugs polish its public image?† The first article I will summarize is â€Å"Will Pfizer’s giveaway drugs polish its public image? This article was much unexpected. Pfizer decided to have a giveaway on drugs to reconstruct their company in August 2009. They made this service available for people who have lost their jobs. Pfizer have helped people out before financial but not a giveaway drugs day. Other pharmaceutical  industry wants to do the same thing to help other out also. Pfizer believer this was a good way of letting the public now that curing the disease is the main thing that is important to their company. I believe this article surprise a lot of people all over the world. It was a good thing that Pfizer decide to giveaway drugs to help the people in needed. I think all pharmaceutical company should at least try this once a year to improve their rating of their company. If other company participates in these events, their sells will increase over time. It’s also important that other people are concern about your health as well as yourself. This giveaway made a lot of people happy expressly the one that could afford to buy these drugs on their own.