Heavens Delight - Vanilla :: Botany

Paradise's Delight - Vanilla Business vanilla is the natural product (container) got from a few unique types of Orchidaceae, in particular, Vanilla pompona Schiede (West Indian vanilla), Vanilla tahitiensis J. M. Moore (Tahiti vanilla) and Vanilla planifolia Jackson (Mexican vanilla). The most significant is Vanilla planifolia Jackson, from which practically all vanilla natural products originate from (Ferrã £o, 1993). The sort Vanilla has around 100 species, and the Orchidaceae family is one of the biggest in the Plant Kingdom, with pretty much 20,000 species. Etymologically, the word vanilla originated from the Spanish vainilla, which implies a little unit, because of the extraordinary likeness between this leafy foods genuine case (Ferrã £o, 1992; Mabberley, 1993). Gardening is the field that we promptly review when we consider orchid plants. In any case, the variety Vanilla is the just one of the family that is of direct financial intrigue. Some provincial social orders in Turkey Greece despite everything use salep, a staple flour produced using the tubers of specific orchids, particularly those remembered for the variety Orchis. In spite of the fact that the utilization of orchids for this intention is somewhat limited, it is carrying a few types of this family to the edge of eradication (Baumann, 1996). The vanilla plant is a vine, local from the tropical woods of Central America and a few zones of South America. In its normal living space, it might arrive at a length of 25 meters, moving with the assistance of unusual roots. The stems are thick and meaty green; the leaves are interchange, long curved, sessile and brilliant green. The blossoms, in groups, show up in the leaf axils. They live just 8 hours and bite the dust if preparation neglects to happen. The plant blossoms three years after the cuttings are planted and the yellow greenish natural products many have up to 90,000 seeds, taking five to seven months to develop. The natural product is scentless when reaped, it has a length between 10 to 25 cm and a load of 5 to 30g (Ferrã £o, 1993). Vanilla was brought to Europe by the Spanish vanquishers of the New World. They discovered it in Mexico, when Montezuma, the last Aztec Emperor, offered them a beverage made of chocolate, vanilla, red pepper and nectar. Nearby nobility utilized it to enhance chocolate, a custom despite everything rehearsed today (Brosse et al. 1989). The Dutch presented vanilla in Java (Indonesia), a previous European settlement in East Indies, toward the start of the nineteenth century and the French did likewise in the Reunion Island, Mauritius and Madagascar, all situated in the Southwest Indian Ocean.

Essay For College - How To Write An Essay For College

Essay For College - How To Write An Essay For CollegeWriting an essay for college level has been a subject that has been spoken about by many teachers and educators. As long as there have been education courses in schools, there have been essays that have to be written for them. Essays are generally taught during the freshman, sophomore, and junior years of high school. This is when students start thinking about themselves and what they want to do in life.The English writing school is known to be one of the best training schools that teaches students how to write an essay for college. This is a highly regarded subject that requires a lot of hard work, patience, and research. It's something that students should strive to get right and something that shouldn't be taken lightly.After all, these students are hoping to impress their professors and gain admission into the best colleges in the country. It can be frustrating when students have to go back to school for the next semester with what they had during the first one. However, it is not impossible. They just need to put in the extra effort to get it right the first time. Students should make sure they know the rules before they start because some of them are rather important.First of all, before students even get started on writing their essay, they should make sure they know how to format the essay in the first place. By reading and understanding the rules of grammar, students can avoid getting into trouble later on. Essays are different from standard essays. And it is also different from letters in general.Another thing that students should know is that there are two parts to an essay. They are called the introduction and the body. The introduction is usually the first few sentences and body consists of the rest of the piece. Students should try to remember this so that they can form the body correctly the first time around.But wait! There is one more rule that is very important when it comes to writing a stu dent's essay for college. Before students even start writing their essay, they should have a clear goal in mind. They should know what they want to achieve and why they are doing it.This goal must be measurable, specific, and objective. Without all of these things, students cannot understand what they should do in order to achieve it. Sometimes, there are good reasons to write a certain number of words on a certain topic in one or two paragraphs. So students must focus on their goals and make sure they stay focused.Essay for college are the most intimidating subject to write for students. Because there are so many different rules that need to be followed, it is best for students to begin by taking a class like English writing school to help them out. There is no reason to let it turn into something that will end up frustrating and difficult for students. The first step is to get started and don't give up if it takes a bit of time.

I Read Over 100 Books in 2019. Heres Why I Wont in 2020.

I Read Over 100 Books in 2019. Heres Why I Wont in 2020. In 2019 I read over 100 books. A personal record. A record I’ve never come close to before. This happened for a lot of reasons. One I wrote about last year, giving myself permission to read what I want. In college, I was an English major, spending hours reading assigned texts. Many good ones, but not many I would have sought out on my own. Now, as an English teacher, I spend many more hours reading “assigned” words as well. From student essays to emails to articles on pedagogy and research for lesson plans, all of it necessary and none of it chosen.   It felt like what I “should” be reading. It was challenging stuff and definitely “worth” my time. This reading made me grow as a professional. It was a way for me to help students. It helped me stay aware of the goings on in my school and county. My mind was challenged. All of this reading “produced” something. It was for work, for school, for my students. Subsequently, the last thing I wanted to do when I went home was read more, for pleasure or not. So in 2019 I put a stop to all the should reading and started instead reading not to produce. Turns out, I don’t have to be constantly producing for my reading time to be worthwhile. I read love stories and adventure stories. I read fantastical stories and true stories. I read about how to help myself and how to help kids read. I read seminal texts and books with pictures and books with Valkyries. Plus, most of these I read with my ears, through Libby. Giving myself permission for my reading to not have to be productive (although let’s be real, all reading is beneficial) turned out to be my most impressive statistical year, even though I didn’t plan or work for it.   I did, however, read instead of doing a lot of other things. I didn’t watch much TV or hike as much as I did in previous years. I didn’t listen to podcasts or go to movies. I missed out on truly relaxing because I read. While I gave myself permission to read any and everything I wanted, I didn’t let go that puritanical inner push to be doing, doing, doing. Sure, I was reading for pleasure, but if I read just one more book this weekend then I’ll have finished two in two days and isn’t that cool Twitter? Instagram, look at what I did! Form an orderly line to offer me back pats.   Do I feel awesome about what I’ve accomplished? Absolutely.   Do I want to keep up this pace and keep saying no to other things in my life? Ehh, not any more.   I want to watch good TV shows and spend time moving my body. I want to write more and meet new people. I want to spend more time walking my grumpy dog and taking bird watching classes. I want to listen to music again. I certainly want to keep reading, but I want more, too. More rest. More chill. And if that means less titles on my Goodreads and less bragging rights, that’s perfectly fine. It’ll mean less stress, too. Because in 2020, saying no to reading will mean saying yes to stories in different forms. I’ll finally catch up on all those shows I’ve added to my watch list. I’ll listen with my full attention to my students. I’ll learn from others in person in classes at my local park. With any luck, I’ll make some new stories for myself in this new year instead of only reading them.

Social Class In Wuthering Heights Essay - 870 Words

Throughout human history people have struggled with the idea of social class. Some of the most extreme cases were southern plantation owners in the upper class and slaves in the bottom class. The struggles of social class is no different in Emily Bronte’s book Wuthering Heights. Social class plays a major role in Heathcliff’s life it leads to his wanted revenge on many of the characters in the novel and it leads to his discovery of what he had always wanted. Heathcliff is the main character of this novel, and the readers are taken on a story through his life, from a young boy to his death. Heathcliff was introduced into the novel as a homeless child adopted by the Earnshaw family. The Earnshaw family consisted of Mr. and Mrs. Earnshaw†¦show more content†¦Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same; and Lintons is as different as a moonbeam from lightning, or frost from fire.† (Bronte ). This quote is said by Catherine to her nanny Nelly. Ca therine sees Heathcliff as below her because of his social class. However, she loves Heathcliff immensely, but she will never tell him how much. Heathcliff great love for Catherine and him not being able to have her is the greatest cause for his wanted revenge on Edgar. Due to Heathcliff’s low social class he grows up planing revenge on the people who wronged him. Heathcliff’s plan to get revenge on deals with their children. Heathcliff ends up having a child with Isabella and names him Linton Heathcliff. Hindley marries a women name Francis and they have a son named Hareton Earnshaw. Hindley dies and Heathcliff gets revenge on his son Hareton. He treats Hareton the way Hindley treated him as a child. And to begin my kindness, Joseph! bring the lad some breakfast. Hareton, you infernal calf, begone to your work! (Bronte ). This quote demonstrates the way Heathcliff treats Hareton. Heathcliff wants to treat Hareton as if he were low class. Heathcliff also wanted to inhe rit some of the Earnshaw wealth by taking in Hareton. He did this in order to never be treated as low class but instead be treated as high class. Heathcliff wanted revenge for Edgar also dealsShow MoreRelated How Emily Brontà « Fulfills the Expectations of the Gothic Genre815 Words   |  4 PagesHow Emily Brontà « Fulfills the Expectations of the Gothic Genre Within this essay I will examine the social and historical background of Emily Brontà «s upbringing, and the way her only novel, wuthering height, is related to the gothic genre. Emily Brontà « was brought up in a time very different from our own; she lived on secluded moors and without many of our modern day privileges, and became very close to her family. Many of her close family members died within her lifetime, affectingRead MoreHow Does Class Conflict Affect Society and What Are Its Consequences?1324 Words   |  6 PagesHow does class conflict affect society and what are its consequences? As Karl Marx once said: ‘In class society, everyone lives as a member of a particular class, and every kind of thinking, without exception, is stamped with the brand of a class.’ In this essay we will be discussing the affect class conflict has on society from the 1600’s up until the modern world today. We will be discussing how Karl Marx developed his theory of class conflict and look at the different areas of society andRead MoreCompare How Male Female Relationships in Two of the Following Emma, Wuthering Heights and Great Expectations-- Reflect the Mores and Values of Victorian Society1467 Words   |  6 PagesSuesann Sankar Individual Assignment: Critical Essay- Compare how male female relationships in two of the following Emma, Wuthering Heights and Great Expectations-- reflect the mores and values of Victorian society â€Å"The Victorian period formally begins in 1837 (the year Victoria became Queen) and ends in 1901 (the year of her death)† (Kirschen).  British novels such as Wuthering Heights and Emma reflect and uphold mores and values of the Victorian society. This is portrayed through the charactersRead MoreHow Does Class Conflict Affect Society and What Are Its Consequences?1338 Words   |  6 PagesHow does class conflict affect society and what are its consequences? As Karl Marx once said: ‘In class society, everyone lives as a member of a particular class, and every kind of thinking, without exception, is stamped with the brand of a class.’ In this essay we will be discussing the affect class conflict has on society from the 1600’s up until the modern world today. We will be discussing how Karl Marx developed his theory of class conflict and look at the different areas of society and howRead MoreWuthering Heights Alienism Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pages In Karl Marx’s quotation from Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1884, Marx claims that in a capitalist society, people value commodities more than human life as they are drawn into the belief that having more possessions leads to greater social status. Marx references the idea that everyone has the goal of driving others to â€Å"economic ruin† (Marx, 170) which suggests that humans have an innate greedy nature. By comparing the â€Å"quantity of objects† (Marx, 170) to â€Å"an extension of the realmRead MoreThe Uncanny And Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights1746 Words   |  7 PagesAssessment 1: Critical Commentary Freud’s The Uncanny and Emily Brontà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Wuthering Heights The principal idea in Sigmund Freud’s interpretation of The Uncanny theory centres around the Heimlich, translating to ‘homely’ and thus, what is familiar, and the Unheimlich, which is often translated to what is ‘Uncanny’ defined as ‘what is [†¦] frightening precisely because it is not known and familiar’ (Freud, 1919) or later described as something that is ‘secretly familiar which has undergone repression’Read MoreLanguage Allows for the True Portrayal Identity of Others in Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontà «1041 Words   |  5 Pagesothers. In the novel Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontà « the eloquent use of language allows for the true portrayal of the identities of all the characters in the story. 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Elizabeth’s resolveRead MoreTheme Of Transgression In Frankenstein1235 Words   |  5 Pagestransgression. According to literary critic Maggie Kilgour, these narratives â€Å"delight in rebellion†, however in the end, we witness the restoration of social and moral order. In this essay, I will cover the following Gothic texts: Frankenstein and Wuthering Heights. Frankenstein examines three forms of transgression: moral, scientific and social. Firstly, Victor Frankenstein rebels against God by usurping the power to create life, a power which had previously been limited to the divine. He assertsRead MoreEmily Bronte s Wuthering Heights1814 Words   |  8 PagesTitle: Wuthering Heights Author: Emily Brontà « Date of Publication: 1847 Genre: Gothic Romance / Fiction Biographical information about the author Emily Jane Brontà « (born 30 July, 1818 | Died December, 19, 1848) was born in Thorton. She was one of six Bronte children; she kept to herself usually and was unusually quiet. In 1835 she briefly attend Miss Wooler’s school at Roe Head. Around 1837 Emily taught at Law Hill School. In 1842 she and Charlotte studied in Brussels. Historical information about

McCarthyism Weeding out Communist Threats or Saving...

What started with great potential as a revisionist look at the impacts of McCarthy’s red scare on the politics in the United States ended with a rudimentary analysis of the repercussions of a fabricated fear of communism. The article â€Å"McCarthyism: Political Repression and the Fear of Communism† denied overarching themes of the time period and focused on narrow attempts to place economic sanctions, infractions of civil rights, and national security as the reasons and outcomes of the fear of communism. While these themes are all supported with evidence, a neglect of analysis on the bigger picture leave the reader wondering if Ellen Schrecker, author of the article, is still living with the belief that over-critiquing US politics can land you in jail, tainted for life like a bruised apple. Preoccupied with the how’s of cold war repression the overarching why’s are barely brushed over let alone thoroughly discussed. Schreckers use of novice arguments as well as a lack of thorough analysis on points made proves a weak attempt to situate the impacts of political repression and communism in the United States and its actions abroad. Possible reasons for the absence of revised, more critical analysis desired in this research can be located in the biography of the author. Schrecker, born in 1938, is of the generation writing during the Cold War and after. Her research highlights her interest in writing this piece. An active member of ACLU she has also written extensively about

Sanitation Facilities Free Essays

Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. An improved sanitation facility is one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact. Improved sanitation generally involves physically closer facilities, less waiting time, and safer disposal of excreta. We will write a custom essay sample on Sanitation Facilities or any similar topic only for you Order Now Poor sanitation is responsible for one of the heaviest existing disease burdens worldwide. The diseases associated with poor sanitation and unsafe water account for about 10% of the global burden of disease. The most common disease of poor health associated with poor sanitation is a diarrhoeal disease. Globally, about 1. 7 million people die every year from diarrhoeal diseases, and 90% are children under 5 years of age, mostly in developing countries. 88% percent of cases of diarrhoeal diseases worldwide are attributable to unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene. In this essay I will analyse the economic benefits of sanitation, the economic disadvantages, the link between a rise in GDP and the access to sanitation in regions all over the world including Asia, Africa, Europe and North America. I will do this by analysing data set curves which I have obtained from a various amount of sources such as national journals, reports and articles relating to this subject. I will be using data sets from the UNEP and carrying out multiple regressions. Finally I will be looking at the Environmental Kuznets model to see whether it applies to this relationship between economic growth and the access to sanitation. According to 2010 figures, approximately 2 billion people do not use improved sanitation facilities, two-thirds of which live in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. By looking at Figure 1 we can see that it is in the developed regions such as North America and parts of Europe where people have a good access to sanitation, while on the other hand it is the mostly the developing regions such as Asia and sub-Saharan Africa with the poor access to sanitation. This figure already makes the relationship between economic development and access to sanitation vaguely clear. The Asian and African regions would be a good place to have a look at this relationship even more closely; this is because over the past few decades, countries in the Asian regions such as China have undergone a huge advance in economic growth while on the other hand there has been little or non-existent economic growth in the African regions. Asia is the world’s fastest growing economic region. China is the largest economy in Asia and the second largest economy in the world. Moreover, Asia is the site of some of the world’s longest economic booms and by looking at Figure 2 it is evident to see that over the past few decades there has been a dramatic rise in the GDP of Asia but very little in the GDP of Africa. Now by looking at Figure 3 which is a graph showing the level of improved drinking/safe water coverage, improved as in drinking-water sources such as piped water to the house or yard, public taps and rainwater collection. Improved sanitation facilities including flush or pour-flush toilets connected to a piped sewer system. By looking at this we can see that in Asia there has also been a dramatic rise in the access to unpolluted water which is a positive relation to the GDP. I gathered the data which is on Figures 2 and 3 onto excel and carried out a regression analysis for the Asian region to help understand to what extent the strength in the relationship between the dependent variable (GDP) and the independent variable (Sanitation) which is shown on Figure 4. By looking at the R squared we can see that this model has a strong explanatory power as it is very close to 1. According to the coefficient we can also see that every time the GDP increases by $50billion, there is an increase of almost 3. 4 million people with improved access to sanitation. Poor sanitation results in an economic loss as it is linked with the costs of treatment to sanitation related diseases and income which is lost through productivity. Furthermore poor sanitation can also lead to a loss of time and effort as a result of poor facilities, lower quality of products due to poor quality of water and of course a dramatically reduced income coming from tourism as there is a great risk of disease. According to various studies from the WHO (World Health Organisation), there has been evidence that there are huge economic costs which arise from the poor sanitation. At a global level there is a loss of around $40billion per year due to poor sanitation; looking at South Asia alone we can see that in places such as Indonesia, Vietnam and Cambodia there is a loss of around $10billion a year, the key impacts of this came about from poor health and tourism, poor sanitation can affect everyone but especially effects those who are poor (Hutton, 2007). Several studies have also been conducted to estimate the economic costs associated with poor sanitation. In Ghana and Pakistan, for example, the indirect effect on child mortality of environmental risk has added more than 40% to the cost of directly caused child mortality. If one took into account the effect of such malnutrition, they will be able to see the huge impact on impairing school performance and delayed entry into the labour market, the cost would double to around 10% of the GDP. Improvement to sanitation can bring various types of benefits to an economy, one of which are the direct benefits of preventing or avoiding illnesses as there would be no money spent on healthcare treating patients with diseases due to sanitation. There will also be indirect benefits such as a decrease in the amount of work days absent being sick and longer life, and finally and very importantly there will be a lot of time saved. As we have seen already, sanitation is also important when it comes to economic development. In Africa many young women are dying every year as they are the ones which carry the polluted water, they are also then forced to drop out of education during puberty years in order to look after their sick children as a result of the polluted water, this means that women are not able to be educated and they can even find it difficult to join the labour supply. Every 10% raise in female literacy (due to increased attendance at school) a nation’s economy can grow by around 0. 3% (Dollar et al, 1999). According to Hutton (2008) there could be an estimated that annual investments of around $27million in Tanzania and Vietnam would result in benefits of around $70million for the health sector alone. Hutton also estimated that there is a potential to save around $6billion in many parts of Asia if improved sanitation can be introduced. Overall Hutton stated that there are many costs and benefits available however the benefits still do overpower the costs. Moreover, the Disease Control Priorities Project recently found that hygiene promotion to prevent diarrhoea was the most cost-effective health intervention in the world at only $3. 35 per DALY loss averted, with sanitation promotion following closely behind at just $11. 15 per DALY loss averted. This is to say that economic growth and sanitation for sure have a strong relationship within one another; this can be shown on the environmental Kuznets curve. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is a relationship between income and pollution which is hypothesized to have an inverted U-shape. The idea of an inverted U-shaped Kuznets curve stems from the Kuznets’ work in income equality (Kuznets, 1955). The EKC hypothesis states that as income increases pollution goes up initially but after certain time pollution eventually declines. The point at which pollution level is the highest is called a turning point. This then evidently applies to developing countries as they are the ones which have the higher levels of income. Looking at Figure 5 we can see that in Europe up to the year 2000 water pollution was on a rise, however sometime in the year 2000 there was a turning point where the pollution of water started to decline. According to the Kuznets curve, in the year 2000 the economies within Europe produced a certain GDP and a certain GDP per capita which led to the decline of the water pollution. According to Figure 6 in the year 2000 the turning point on the Kuznets curve was at $18000 per capita, this is the level of GDP per capita needed in the European region in order to reverse the trend of water pollution. Looking back at Figure 5 we can also see that in the North American region up till 1998 there was an increase of water pollution however sometime in 1998, just like in Europe, people’s incomes were growing and GDP per capita was on a rise. Looking at Figure 6, according to the EKC, GDP per capita in North America will be at $36000 which is where there will be a turning point. Both the EKC’s for Europe and for North America are shown on Figure 7. This analysis clearly tells us that the relationship between the two is dependable on the economic stages of development. In the other regions around the world there will not be a turning point on the EKC as people do not earn enough to have this effect, good sanitation facilities are the main way in which water pollution can decrease, more developed economies around the world have the funds to invest in good sanitation, however as we have discussed, the less developed countries do not have access to these sanitation facilities therefore their economies are heavily impacted and the funds for the technology needed to provide improved sanitation are hard to come by, therefore these countries are on the upwards slope of the EKC meaning they have not yet achieved the GDP per capita in order to have a turning point. I have aimed to show the various ways in which sanitation is fundamental to good health and also economic development. Given the data I have analysed, I can surely state that the investment in improved sanitation would be beneficial to an economy. Ultimately, I can say that there is a strong relationship in economic growth and access to sanitation and I can also say that the EKC does apply to the water pollution we have in the real world. Finally I can also say that the level of the turning point also depends on the stages of economic development. How to cite Sanitation Facilities, Papers

The Roles of Vertical and Shared Leadership in the Enactment of Executive Corruption Implications for Research and Practice

Advocating for Shared Leadership Summary of the article The authors create a strong impression that shared leadership provides a method of reducing corruption. Shared leadership refers to the organizational structure that allows different individuals to exercise their independence in running their work station without constant influence from the top. It is similar to devolved authority. A system of checks and balances ought to be provided by the board of directors.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Roles of Vertical and Shared Leadership in the Enactment of Executive Corruption: Implications for Research and Practice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In most cases, the board of directors has been weakened by having the CEO as the chairman or top management team members forming an influential part of the board. The authors imply that vertical leadership and leadership concentrated on a single individual are like ly to increase corruption, especially where the leader has a low responsibility disposition. Responsibility disposition refers to the leader’s mindset towards upholding integrity and ensuring ethical behavior. Moreover, the article argues that leaders influence the behavior of the subordinates. The leader’s ethical behavior is likely to influence ethical behavior in the entire organization. Alternatively, his unethical behavior is also influential. In the implications and the conclusion parts, the authors suggest that shared leadership may solve the problem of corruption at the executive level. The findings should be subjected to further research. Key learning points from the article Literature that discussed the potential for corrupt behavior from centralized power existed even before the downfall of major corporations. Leadership corruption may take many forms such as deception, theft, and other counterproductive behaviors. Leaders have a greater role to play in inf luencing ethical behavior among subordinates and its integration in the organizational culture. Leaders with concentrated power and leaders who seek to build their personal image have a strong affinity to authorize corruption. Responsibility disposition refers to the tendency of a leader to feel obliged to do the right thing for the welfare of the majority. Shared leadership or socialized leadership refers to authority that has been distributed to multiple centers. A non-corrupt leader can create a shared leadership by encouraging leadership from below. A corrupt leader may find it necessary to act in a manner that concentrates power and authority around him. He limits the independence of other centers of power and seeks unchecked authority. The board of directors ought to provide an option in creating checks and balances for the top leaders. Leaders should devolve authority. There should be a balance between independence and interdependence. Some individual leaders may have a high responsibility disposition. As a result, they may not engage in corruption even when they vertically centralize the power. Organizations should seek to recruit leaders with a high responsibility disposition through their selection process. Training and development of leadership skills should target the entire workforce instead of focusing on the current leaders only. Further research is needed to enlarge the knowledge available on how to select leaders with a higher responsibility disposition. Further research is needed on the effectiveness of training and development programs on reducing corrupt leadership. Four statements I agree with Pearce, Manz and Sims Jr. state that â€Å"the framing of leadership as a role that is held by a single individual designated as the leader potentially sets into motion the centralization of power that can plant the seeds of corruption† (357). The statement indicates that by assigning one individual to play the role of a leader, the organizat ion increases the chances of that the individual will try to concentrate power around him. It supports the discussion where the single individual seeks to become chairman of the board after becoming the CEO. The individual will also seek to recruit employees who support his methods and aspirations. The concentration of power creates desire for corruption. Lipman-Blumen explains that â€Å"even non-toxic leaders who hang too long commonly go from good to bad† (228). They go from good to bad by trying to focus more power on themselves. They set higher goals and are increasingly inclined to achieve them.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Concentration of power may have a different impact on the political context when the leader seeks to improve the welfare of the majority. Pearce, Manz and Sims Jr. (353) point out that personal gain is a motivator in corrupt leadership. O n the other hand, concentrated power may have positive results, in corrupt contexts, when the leader has concern for the welfare of the majority. Neal and Tansey (34) use Rafik Hariri as an example of an effective corrupt leader. He served as Lebanon’s Prime Minister from 1992 to 2005. He produced great welfare results for his people. On the other hand, he could not avoid engaging in corrupt acts because he operated in a corrupt context. The leader associated himself with religious morality to centralize his power vertically (Neal and Tansey 39). His case indicates that centralized power may be effective if the leader is driven by making better results for all the stakeholders. It is not surprising that Rafik Hariri was blamed for vast accumulation of personal wealth. It is a common feature of centralized power. In addition, the statement indicates that an organization’s authority should not be put in hands of a single leader. There should be multiple centers of power. Every leader holds a significant level and helps the organization to achieve its goal through that level, such as a division or department. When there are many leadership positions in an organization, it reduces the potential of a heroic leader using corrupt means to create personal fame. The reason is that there will be many individuals who will be given credit for the good performance of the organization when authority is devolved. The integrity of the firm will not rely on a single individual. It will depend collectively on all individuals in leadership positions and all the employees. Pearce, Manz and Sims Jr. (357) suggest that corporations should recruit leaders with high responsibility disposition. Lipman-Blumen (230) suggests that organizations will continue to recruit leaders with low responsibility disposition unless they change the selection process. Mayer, Kuenzi and Greenbaum (13) propose that organizations should develop selection tools that recognize integrity and mo ral standards.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Roles of Vertical and Shared Leadership in the Enactment of Executive Corruption: Implications for Research and Practice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organizations that recruit leaders with higher responsibility disposition quality are less vulnerable to corrupt leadership. Such leaders will uphold integrity and ethical behavior in their pursuit for excellence. They believe in achieving high performance using acceptable means and standards. A challenge arises from the fact that existing literature does not provide an approach to select leaders that have a high responsibility disposition. Each organization will be forced to form its own approach. One of the approaches will be to recruit leaders from within the organization based on their moral values. Another approach will be to recruit from other organizations after a long-term scrutiny. Heroic leaders†™ success may be unlikely to last in the long run. It can be used to distinguish a charismatic leader who succeeds in the short run from the revolutionary charismatic leader. Pearce, Manz and Sims Jr. (356) say that narcissistic leaders will have a tendency to centralize power vertically because of their desire to create popularity for themselves. Pearce, Manz and Sims Jr. claim that â€Å"individuals have different propensities to engage in corrupt behavior† (355). The theory supports the approach that organizations should look for individuals who are unlikely to be corrupt, even when they hold positions with vertically centralized power. However, Lipman-Blumen (228) suggests that the desire to cling to power may corrupt the individuals that were once considered moderate. Pearce, Manz, and Sims Jr. (2008, p. 357) support the â€Å"falling dominoes effect†. It is a situation that occurs when the leader’s behavior is imitated by the subordinate employees. Neube rt et al. (157) explain that leaders shape the collective character of an organization and the way it responds to challenges, either corruptly or virtuously. One of the approaches of eliminating unethical behaviors in an organization is through integrating an ethical climate in the organizational culture. The organizational culture cannot be strongly influential if the employees perceive their leaders to proclaim ethics, but act in a different manner. Neubert et al. (157) argue that leaders are responsible for creating an ethical climate in their organizations.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Trevino and Brown explain that â€Å"leaders who engage in unethical behavior will create a context that supports parallel deviance† (72). Employees can learn to avoid corruption by observing the ethical behavior of their leaders. Mayer, Kuenzi and Greenbaum (13) explain that an ethical climate reduces the occurrence of employee misconduct. Pearce, Manz, and Sims Jr. (357) imply that training and development can be used to create an organization that conforms to ethical behavior. Training the entire workforce can be an effective approach to building an organizational culture that does not tolerate corrupt leadership. It can be more effective, especially when firms develop leaders from within the organization. Mayer et al. (13) propose training employees on ethics as a step towards creating an ethical climate. Contrary to the above statement, Deresiewicz (par. 21) discusses that the training system needs an overhaul to produce leaders that can engage in free thinking. He claim s that the current system largely produces individuals who cannot think for themselves. Lipman-Blumen (253) proposes a democracy where workers are no longer passive and obedient followers of a single leader. These individuals should be trained to achieve, by any means possible, the objectives of the organization. They should be trained to carry out the routine without deviations. Deresiewicz (par. 4) suggests that there is a need to separate leadership and other factors, such as excellence, aptitude, and achievement. Lipman-Blumen (257) explains that workers should be trained to avoid the illusion that one person can deliver the organization’s goals during times of crises single-handed. A non-toxic leader will seek to remove the illusion of a heroic leader. Deresiewicz (par. 22) supports a leadership style that allows independence of mind and creative thinking. One should be able to express his ideas freely and support them with facts or the rationale behind them (Deresiewicz par. 27). Critical analysis of the article Title The article has a good title because it captures the information in a few words. It may appear to be a long one, when the additional part â€Å"Implications for research and practice† is included. An individual is able to picture what the paper is about from that title. However, some weakness emerges from the terms used in it. They may need deeper thought before one captures what they imply. Literature review The literature has been progressively formed from definitions into an argument. The authors have built their argument on existing literature. They have provided a definition of corruption, responsibility disposition, shared leadership, vertically centralized leadership, and anticitizenship behavior among others. The reader is able to understand the literature properly based on the explanation of the terms. The authors have used a wide range of literatures. Thy intended to show that literature on the corrupt leadership exi sted even before the downfall of large corporations. They have used multiple resources that were produced in the1990s. Most people would consider the topic to have been motivated by the unethical behavior of leaders in the last decade, however, the authors have also used recent data to show that the increased study of the subject matter, in recent years, is as a result of the increased occurrence of unethical behavior in organizations. The literature review incorporates findings from surveys, which makes the literature review stronger. The authors refer to findings that were presented from three surveys conducted in the U.S. on teamwork and individual performance. The authors examine multiple works that relate the influence of corrupt leaders to the unethical behavior of employees. Methodology The methodology used is a qualitative research study based on secondary resources to support its argument. The argument draws from several findings of previous studies to conclude that shared leadership can be used as a buffer against corrupt leadership. Findings The findings are labeled as P1, P2, and P3. The reader can easily find out the conclusion from every piece of argument. The findings are related, and as a result, they are built progressively from one point to another. For example, empowering leadership may signal shared leadership at the top management. If there is shared leadership, corruption will be reduced. Lastly, shared leadership is linked to moderating responsibility disposition. There are three levels of relationship between the factors. The authors provide what their studies imply for today’s organizations and parts that need to be covered in future research. References The authors have used a combination of recent references and classical references. Recent references are within a period of five years. There are concerns that new findings may make old explanations obsolete, except for classical works. Classical references are studies that are universal because they pioneered in providing evidence for the subject matter. The author has used a few articles published in the 1970s and 1980s to elaborate on the importance of the study. The large number of academic articles used enhances the quality of the study. Journals are considered quality resources. Application of the subject matter to the UAE context The UAE national culture on leadership involves a case of vertically centralized power. Large power distances and wealth inequality have been accepted as a form of cultural heritage (Butler par. 7). The action of individuals is directed by the Muslim faith, which advocates for honesty and high moral standards. A vertically concentrated power creates a desire to engage in corruption. Even good managers are affected by the influence of concentrated power, which makes it necessary to advocate for shared leadership. As a corporate leader in the UAE, I should identify shared leadership as a method of moderating power and the aff inity to engage in corrupt behavior. Another method of reducing the occurrence of corrupt behavior among employees and leaders is to develop an ethical climate. Employees will receive signals and cues from the ethical climate to avoid unethical practices. The process of building an organizational culture that motivates ethical behavior starts with the CEO. It becomes necessary to alter the recruitment process when selecting CEOs. There is a need to adopt selection tools that identify required traits for high responsibility disposition. As for a political leader in the UAE, concentration of power should offer me an opportunity to serve the interests of the majority. It will depend on the individual high responsibility disposition of the leaders, which makes it necessary for a selection tool that recognizes good leaders. Honesty and integrity will be essential as required by the Muslim faith. However, political leaders, such as Rafik Hariri of Lebanon, portrayed himself as an adherent of the Muslim faith to concentrate his power (Neal and Tansey 39). Leaders will need to lead through modeling as Trevino and Brown (72) describe under the social learning and the social exchange titles. Lesson learnt The main lesson learnt is that vertically concentrated center of power creates desire for leaders to engage in corruption. Shared leadership can be used as a moderator in reducing the desire to engage in unethical conduct. The ethical climate of an organization can make employees reduce unethical behavior. It requires the leader to play the role of a model in promoting ethical practices. Organizations need to change their selection tools used in the recruitment process to identify leaders with high responsibility disposition. Most scholars support an organizational culture that allows independent thinking. Works Cited Butler, Patty. United Arab Emirates Business Etiquette Culture. n.d. Web. Deresiewicz, William. Solitude and Leadership. 2009. Web. Lipman-Blumen, Jean. The Allure of Toxic Leaders: Why We Follow Destructive Bosses and Corrupt Politicians – and How We Can Survive, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print. Mayer, David, Maribeth Kuenzi and Rebecca Greenbaum. â€Å"Examining the Link between Ethical Leadership and Employee Misconduct: The Mediating Role of Ethical Climate.† Journal of Business Ethics. 95.1 (2010): 7-16. Web. Neal, Mark, and Richard Tansey. â€Å"The Dynamics of Effective Corrupt Leadership: Lessons from Rafik Hariri’s Political Career in Lebanon.† The Leadership Quarterly 21 (2010): 33-49. Print. Neubert, Mitchell, Dawn Carlson, Michele Kacmar, James Roberts and Lawrence Chonko. â€Å"The Virtuous Influence of Ethical Leadership Behavior: Evidence from the Field.† Journal of Business Ethics. 90.2 (2009): 157-170. Web. Pearce, Craig, Charles Manz, and Henry Sims Jr. â€Å"The Roles of Vertical and Shared Leadership in the Enactment of Executive Corruption: Implications for Research and Practice.† The Leadership Quarterly 19 (2008): 353-359. Print. Trevino, Linda, and Michael Brown. The Role of Leaders in Influencing Unethical Behavior in the Workplace. 2004. Web. 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